The Stock Market Crash free essay sample

There are several factors that caused this crash but the main reason was the supreme mortgage crisis. The stock exchange is a simple system to comprehend and was established centuries ago. The history of the stock exchange dates back to 1 790 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This would be the first time trading stocks was done in an organized fashion instead of at random like it was done prior. This location deemed successful for 30 years before it was moved to its permanent location on Wall Street in New York City. The stock market remained successful until it crashed on Black Tuesday in 1929.This crash resulted in the loss of billions of dollars and marked the beginning of the great depression. The great depression would last for about ten years and put Americas economy in the worst shape it has even been . During this period, Stocks would drop to record lows, half of the American banks would perish, and the unemployment rates would sky rocket. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stock Market Crash or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Depression would finally recede after World War II. The next crash would not occur for decades but would affect the largest markets on the globe and would be referred to as black Monday. Black Monday, occurred on October 19, 1987.On this day tock would drop 22% and this drop would send the global economy into a tailspin. 19 of the 20 largest markets throughout the world, would all see at least 20% drops. Luckily, the crash did not trigger a recession and would only result in the loss in a large number of financial careers. However, the blame of the crash would be pointed at the politicians rather then those in the financial world. It is difficult to understand why a stock market crashes without a simple understanding of the subject. The stock market is a group Of companies that meet a certain criteria. The companies are broken down into units.These units are then broken down and sold as shares; the shares are considered part ownership of the company. But, why would a company sell shares and give away assets? The stock market allows companies to finance themselves without taking out commercial loans known as debt financing. Debt financing results in large interest fees, which is why it is referred as debt financing. However, equity financing allows the companies to sell stocks to cover the costs of the company it also allows them to finance their company risk free. Both types of financing have theirs pros and cons, depending on ones taxation.With the understanding of these simple topics it becomes easier to understand the stock market. With little understanding of the stock market, we can still comprehend the reasons behind the crash. There where many events that lead up to the crash of 2008 and it all started with supreme mortgage crisis. A us prime mortgage is given to someone with a low credit rating. In 2006, private sectors wrote out about 12 million loans worth up to 2 trillion dollars. These loans were given without the usual regulations. These regulations were parted from due to congress wanting to give out more moans.Unfortunately, this only worked for a short period of time, as many could not afford to pay back their loans with the high levels Of interest. As these loans were not being paid off, banks were running out of money yet continued to loan out more money that they did not have. This ultimately caused a huge financial crisis causing several private lenders and banks to claim bankruptcy. The crisis caused one of the largest and oldest lenders in the country to file for bankruptcy. On September 18, 2008 the Lehman brothers filed for bankruptcy with the largest claim of all time. The collapse of the Lehman brothers would cause a downward spiral of the economy and lead to the next collapse of the stock market. The loss was devastating to our country as they had existed and succeeded for decades. The company was founded in 1 850, and had survived two previous Stock market crashes but unfortunately, they would be one of the causes of the 2008 crash. The collapse of the Lehman brothers provided the shareholders with a preview of what lay ahead. Ultimately, causing them to sell the shares they had invested in banks. The abundance of those selling their shares caused a umber of falls all around the stock market.The sudden collapses had a large effect on other countries as well. Affecting countries all across the globe but having its greatest impact on Iceland who almost went completely bankrupt. The stock market crash of 2008 had the entire globe in crisis. Every country involved had to figure out a way to save themselves from a large recession. To get organization back in the stock market the United States had to bail out all the banks and large companies to allow them to give loans again. Ultimately, allowing them to restore a balance in our economy. Fortunately, we had to borrow a significant amount of money from other countries further increasing our debts with them. As for prevention, there have been a few laws and regulations added. First off, shorting stocks is now illegal. Shorting a stock is borrowing money from an investor and then when the stock is dropping or sold not replenishing their loan. Another regulation is forcing lenders to stick to their strict regulation when giving out loans. Also interest has been lowered substantially in order for new business to expand and grow without an absurd amount of debt.While the reasons for the stock market crash in 2008 arent completely pointed in one direction. Most of the evidence lies on the supreme mortgage crisis. Without this crisis, the Lehman brothers would have never been bankrupt, companies wouldnt be in a scramble to buy each other out, and shareholders wouldnt have short sold all their bank shares. Ultimately, if lenders stuck to their normal regulations while giving out loans this entire situation could have been avoided. Which would have saved our country billions of dollars. Citations 1. Brian, M. , Ross, D. (n. D. ). How Stocks and the Stock Market Work

How to Determine a Reading Schedule

How to Determine a Reading Schedule Despite your best efforts, its sometimes difficult to stick with your plan to finish that list of books. Other projects get in the way. You may find yourself overwhelmed by the size of the book youve chosen. You may just let the habit of reading slide or slip until youve forgotten much of the  plot and/or characters; and, you feel that you might as well just start over. Heres a solution: Set up a reading schedule to get you through those books! All you need to get started is a pen, some paper, a calendar, and of course, books! How to Set up a Reading Schedule Pick a list of books youd like to read.Determine when you will start reading your first book.Select the order in which youd like to read the books on your reading list.Decide how many pages you will read every day. If youve decided that youll read 5 pages per day, count the number of pages in the book that youve selected to read first.Write the page span (1-5) down on paper next to your selected start date. Its also a great idea to write your schedule up on the calendar, so you can track your reading progress by crossing off the date when youve finished your reading for that day.Continue through the book, tracking where each stopping point will be. You may decide to mark the stopping points in your book with a post-it or pencil mark, so the reading will seem more manageable.As you page through the book, you may decide to alter your reading schedule (add or subtract pages for a particular day), so youll stop and/or start on a new chapter or section of the book.Once youve determined th e schedule for the first book, you can move on to the next book on your reading list. Follow the same process of paging through the book to determine your reading schedule. Dont forget to write the page numbers down next to the appropriate date on a piece of paper and/or on your calendar. Get Outside Support By structuring your reading schedule in this way, you should find it easier to get through those books on your reading list. You can also get your friends involved. Share your schedule with them and encourage them to join you in your reading. Its great fun, youll be able to discuss your reading experience with others! You could even turn this reading schedule into a book club.

Marketing communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing communication - Assignment Example Channels evolving offline marketing will include the use of billboards, public relation tactics, radio & television media, mail orders and use of traditional print channels, such as newspapers and magazines. With the use of all the elements of marketing mix (i.e. product, price, place, promotion & packaging), a company is able to develop the IMC (Kotler, 2000). In this paper, the intention is to suggest IMC strategies for McWendy’s, a local restaurant serving fast food to the community, to launch its products successfully. In fast food retail chain businesses, where markets are growing to maturity and opposition is becoming increasingly fierce, one might perceive of limited opportunities. However, with lower entry and exit barriers, it is possible to do well with a new product launch, capturing the immense scope of innovation and competitive advantages. It has been a noteworthy concern in this context that innovation helps in providing an outline for systematizing the improvement procedure (OECD, 2014). McWendy’s might look into indifferently at the poor indulgence value proposition. Furthermore, the chain’s differentiated capabilities in developing a variety of products and managing its superior quality rudiments could put this segment under McWendy’s reach. Consumers of pure extravagance may represent a usual new objective, a group that McWendy’s can reach with a bit more enthusiasm in its innovativeness, which is again replicated through the launch of the new product. To succeed, McWendy’s might have to rethink about enhancing the store experience and fulfilling the need of its consumers, obtainable through superior taste, service quality maintenance and proper concern to sustainability issues (Antonsson & et. al., 2011). The interest in healthy foodstuffs has increased significantly in the past few decades, which has created a new opportunity for McWendy’s. McWendy’s

Answering the Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Answering the Question - Essay Example The industry must have some factors that may attract the investors. Banks is a quick option to raise start-up capital in collateral presence, but the concept is different in the cases of venture capitalists. The investors in ventures scrutinize the company and asses it growth potential, whether there is a chance of whooping great profits within a short time. In short, the company or business idea must have some great market potential in it. Secondly, its remains fundamental option to put self in the investors shoes. Investors are keen and quick to invest in a company with an assuring management team, growing company with a future. Therefore, a business plan must have a clear indicator of the company’s success elements. The entrepreneur must demonstrate full awareness of the target audience. Any good business idea will always have an aspiring investor willing to cash in his resources. Investors vary in their characteristics. Some analyse possibility of assumption control, executive positions, degree of risks and company maturity. The entrepreneur must be aware of the portfolios and profiles of such investors, and this can be made possible through consistent research. Moreover, the business plan and specifically the executive summary dictate the path the business is likely to take. It does establish a close connection between the potential investor and the business (Choe, pg. 45). No confidential information should be added up in a business plan. The plan should be a summation of not more than five pages, articulating the growth strategies, marketing strategies, definition of the products, funds requirements and market entry criteria. Furthermore, to counter the aspiring investor’s inquisitiveness, explain the team one is working with, financial projections, target clients, major competitors, and strategies to outdo the competitors, usage the profits raised and other

Is trust really required to be an effective leader Literature review - 1

Is trust really required to be an effective leader - Literature review Example Trust in management: the role of employee voice arrangements and perceived managerial opposition to unions Trust in management is an element that is critical for an organization to foster. Trust has been found to contribute positive attitude towards valued work behaviors, and behavioral citizenship to the organization. (Dirks and Ferrin, 2002). Cooperation is a judging key element on how the employees relate with the management. The study is about the relationship between the voice of the employee arrangement and the trust of the employee in management. The literature of the employee relations and the social exchange theory is what brings the voice arrangements in an organization. The article also looks on the higher side to examine the EVA and the trust of employees in management relationship. EVA forms one means of participation and involvement and form part of HR practices and policies of an organization. (Tzafrir et al., 2004). The context of the national rela tion of employment is critical any relationship evaluation between trust and EVA given the mimetic and the normative pressures the actors are placed on. (Boxall and Purcell, 2011). In conclusion to this article, Union voice which is the provision of a two-way communication between the employees and management through the presence of a union which is incorporated with trust in the work place. Trust and quality management: Perspectives from marketing and organizational learning In this article trust as a concept is elaborated by comparing with quality management of traditional value. Organizational learning and marketing relationship are the bases of approaching trust in this area where it is a frequent element. The purpose is to create a trust framework based particularly on organizational learning and marketing relationship. Trust has been importantly recognized as a concept in marketing relationship. As trust is component that is more important in every

Frigg Field Case Study

Frigg Field Case Study CUTTING AND REMOVAL OF PLATFORM FOUNDATIONS Callum Toole: 201662274 Antonios Poulis: 201685557 Marinos Mavroulis: 201667892 Abraham Ejiro Ibodje: 201653157 1.1 NORTH SEA Since the first steel piled jacket foundation (SPJF) was installed in the North Sea in 1967 there has been a total of 556 installed and 52 have been decommissioned after operational use. The operational water depth of the North Sea varies as SPJF are split into small and large categories. Of the original 556 foundations 392 were installed in water depths of less than 55m leaving 164 foundations reaching to depths of 190m (Oil Gas UK, 2012) (Offshore-mag, 2000). With oil and gas reserves depleting in this area more and more installations are applying for cease of production (CoP) to begin the decommissioning cycle. It has been estimated that over the next 25 years there will be  £35bn spent on decommissioning activity in the North Sea alone (Decom North Sea, 2014). 1.2 CASE STUDY FRIGG FIELD The Frigg Field is situated in the North Sea with 6 differing fixed foundation structures spread over UK and Norwegian blocks 10/1 and 25/1 respectively. These fixed foundations are a mixture of SPJF and Gravity Based Structures (GBS). For the remainder of this assignment the Frigg Field case study will only consider the cutting and removal of DP2 an 8 leg SJPF which supported a drilling and production platform Figure 2, (Total, 2003). Key aspects of the Frigg Field DP2 to be considered are: Water depth 98m (321.5ft) Production depth 1850m (6070ft) 24 wells drilled in total for production 20 original steel pile foundations (4 external at each corner leg and 4 internal at inner legs) (T Gram, 2011) at 60 diameter (Total, 2003) Jacket recovery via re-float technique after successful installation of buoyancy and cutting of foundations In the North Sea, the selection of the ROV system is vital to its success of the cutting and removal of the DP2 jacket foundations. This is due to the ever-changing dynamic offshore environment that effect cutting, lifting and removal of subsea infrastructure. 2.1 ROV UNIT The Oceaneering Millennium Plus (OMP) 220hp heavy work class ROV was selected for the cutting and removal of the Frigg DP2 foundations due to its operational capabilities. The ROVs working class design allows for front assembled dual manipulators to be interactive with the task in hand. Weighing in at 4,000kg the OMPs dimensions are 3.31.71.9m (LxWxH) (Oceaneering, 2017). The depth capabilities of the ROV exceed the depth needed to fully operate in the North Sea conditions at the Frigg site as it is rated for up to depths of 3,000m. A main consideration of the OMP is its station keeping abilities and dual hydraulic units of 110hp powering 4 vectored horizontal and 4 vertical propulsion units. This allows for 2,000lbs of thrust to be used in the lateral, forward and reverse directions with a vertical thrust of 2,800lbs. 2.2 VISIBILITY TOOL INTERACTION Another main consideration of the ROV selected is its ability to interact clearly with tooling and structures at the water depth. This is made possible by the dual manipulators having 5 degrees of function which is powered by a 24V DC and 110V AC power supply on board. To successfully clear, cut and remove the 20 pile foundations the OMP is versatile enough to interact with heavy duty tools to do the jobs of dredging, cutting and use its manipulators to fit buoyancy cans within 15 mm tolerance for removal operations (Oceaneering, 2017) (Total, 2011). The OMP will be interacting with a standalone subsea dredge and an External Cutting Tool when at operational depths. But also has the ability to be fitted with various skid pans if needed. The ECT selected for the cutting operations of the pile foundations is an abrasive water jet cutting approach due to its multi-dimensional clamp configurations that allow for various diameters form 16 72 pipe to be cut. This is made possible by 8 fully mounted 250W high intensity LED lighting units surrounding the front facing operating area working in conjunction with visuals. The visual output of the OMP comes from cameras which can either be standard, high or 3D high definition (HD) -   3D HD is preferred for the operations due to enhanced visuals allowing for a safer more efficient operation. 2.3 NAVIGATION Automatic controls for the OMP are used via fly by wire systems that allow for station keeping regarding depth, pitch, altitude and automatic pre-programmed headings. To allow for the altitude and headings to be correct a surveying grade gyro and backup fluxgate compass is available on board the ROV. Depth of the ROV unit is vital due to the foundations being at seabed level and to avoid collisions with the seabed and/or cuttings pilings in the area (Oceaneering, 2017). 2.4 LAUNCH AND RECOVERY SYSTEM (LARS) The adaptability of the OMP with regards to different LARS allows it to be used with multiple possible vessels when on site. There are various options available for the OMP: heavy weather over boarding, A-frame, cursor and heavy lift winching. To safely and successfully launch and recover the OMP an A-frame system was selected. This is due to its simplicity, lifting capabilities and cost reduction during mobilisation at a new site or location. 2.5 TETHER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (TMS) During under water operations the OMP can work either free swimming or via a TMS. Free swimming operations are directly connected to the ROV transmitting electrical power, mechanical payloads and optical signal by means of a tether during operations.   A TMS configuration includes the use of a side entry garage or a Top-hat connection where the topside umbilical is connected and then redistributes the power and signals to the ROV via a tethered connection. During this operation at the Frigg Field a Top-hat TMS would be used to guide, control and position the OMP throughout its cutting and removal operations. This is due to strong advantages such as: providing protection to the OMP as it is securely connected during launch and recovery, secure positioning reduces complications at splash zone interaction, the addition of the Top-hat TMS allows for a further working radius from the garage rather than free swimming operations and allowing for greater precision on deployment to the work site. A typical mission for the OMP varies depending on the level of cutting and removal of foundations during decommissioning operations. Regarding the case study adopted for the Frigg Field the typical mission expected would be as follows: Environmental checks would be carried out on the vessel to determine there is safe working conditions for the OMP to operate OMP and top-hat configuration would be connected and moved to launch platform of the A-frame Final checks of OMP before launch Launching and lowering of the OMP (via A-frame) into the water through the splash zone monitoring tension on the line Grounding at operational level of 98m Subsea pressure and containment checks then release from top-hat configuration Movement towards and interaction with dredging equipment via manipulators Dredging work carried out with standalone subsea dredge on completion the tooling would be removed Inspection of pile surfaces to be cut via front mounted cameras Interaction with ECT cutting equipment via manipulators Attachment of ECT cutting equipment to initial foundations monitoring workload from visuals Interaction with buoyancy sections being used for re-float x4 interaction, manipulation, fastening and final checks Final checks of whole system and foundation structure before final piles are cut Attachment of ECT cutting equipment for final cuts x4 carried out Monitoring the floating of the jacket structure and buoyancy module interaction via visuals Final checks of the seabed environment and coverage of unburied foundations Recovery operations via the top-hat configuration and return to surface Checks, assessment and maintenance of the ROV reported Having selected the OMP for the decommissioning and removal of the DP2 SPJF there are various areas that may cause difficulties during the installation, operating and maintaining the OMP. 4.1 SEA STATES WAVE AND CURRENTS In the Frigg field, the average speed of wind between the winter months December to February is about 9.9 m/s. For this wind velocity, waves are most likely to have a maximum height of 2.5m. However, during severe winter storms which occur roughly once per decade in the area, there is a significant possibility of wave average heights from 12.1m and maximum height of 24m. Currents do fluctuate, reliant on the speed and direction of the winds (Total, 2003). With these environmental considerations in the North Sea it was necessary to choose an ROV with high performance thrusters to aid in station keeping whilst operating. The OMP permits this with four powerful vectored horizontal and four vertical thrusters, which allow the system to move in four directions, vertical, lateral, roll and pitch comfortably with 2,000lbs of thrust available (Oceaneering, 2017). 4.2 LAUNCH AND RECOVERY OPERATIONS During launch and recovery operations there are expected difficulties such as: Large waves and high winds can cause the OMP and Top-hat TMS to swing wildly potentially impacting the vessel and causing damage to equipment Difficult deployment and recovery procedures when there a reduced deck space to accommodate the operation On drilling rigs the proximity of the OMP and Top-hat to the vessels hull and thrusters during entry and exit into the splash zone can become complicated Deployed extension cables can be required to reach satellite sites where it was not practical or possible to install via the Top-hat TMS 4.3 OPERATIONAL CUTTINGS Operational drill cuttings can be problematic with the removal of platform foundations due to its chemical makeup and mass surrounding the foundations at the sea bed. With the DP2 platform, 24 wells were drilled in total with an estimated upheaval of contained in an area of 80m x 120m at a maximum thickness of 20cm. Due to the low toxicity of the drilling mud used the cuttings can be removed and treated (Total, 2003). To combat this the OMP is capable of using a stand-alone 12 subsea dredge which can manipulate the suction nozzle aiding in the removal of drill cuttings and sediment surrounding the foundations before cutting operations (Oceaneering DTS, 2013). 5.1 OIL GAS The OMP can be used for different operations in the oil gas industry such as: inspection, maintenance and repair, installation, workover and control system (IWOCS), surveying, dredging, subsea tie-ins, flow assurance checks, assisting in the removal of subsea productions systems, mooring line servicing, cable laying operations, video servicing, acoustic positioning and BOP intervention. Such operations like these can take place in the deep-water environments up to 3,000m maximum operational depths of the OMP. With respect to maintenance, repair and installation operations, the OMP has the capacity of transferring hot tap fittings, pipeline clamps, misalignment ball connectors, swivel-ring flanges, breakaway joints, riser connections and other equipment for delivery, repair and installation. Trenching burial of pipes and cables are operations that are carried out by ROVs that have 200hp and above. The OMP can be considered for these types of laying and burial operations due to its classification and built in features (Oceaneering, 2017). One of the challenges facing operations in the offshore wind farm environment is observation and maintenance of fixed foundation based, cable monitoring, structural integrity checks and seabed surveys, the OMP is well suited to address these issues due to its comprehensive build, mostly in winter and less visible conditions (UnderwaterVision, 2017). 5.2 FRIGG FIELD VERSATILITY During the decommissioning operation of the DP2 jacket it became aware that extra preparation in cutting and removal of pile guides was needed to successfully fit and mount the buoyancy cans for removal. A solution to this was that a bespoke diamond wire tool and buoyancy solution was designed for operations to be carried out by ROV. With the OMP this could be successfully carried out due to its adaptability and tooling interaction (Proserv, 2017). 5.3 OCEAN SCIENCE The OMP can be used for scientific research under water such a sea animal and plants studies in natural environment, Arctic operations, if equipped with various sampling devices. Also, as it is equipped with 3D HD Camera (highly intensity LED) it can operate in extreme environments. Another strong versatile function is that it could be used for underwater interactions documentaries, filmmaking, archaeology projects, e.g. Mystery Mardi Gras shipwreck (Landis, 2017). 5.3 MILITARY The Millennium Plus vehicle optional power/ data interfaces (Ethernet/optical fibre) and other features built in it can be used for naval/military operation, primarily for mine hunting and mine breaking. Neutralizing and retrieving of explosives, moored mines and also inspection tasks like meteorology, detection of environmental hazard, port security, mine countermeasure and maritime intelligence. 5.4 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE The over exploitation of the North Sea remains a highly-discussed topic to date to combat this there has been a growing market for offshore fish farms. A typical mission would involve the OMP to either help install or inspect and monitor fish inside, inspect netting/cages that have been used for containment. The manipulator operability would allow for heavy cages to be moved into place and fastened securely whilst clearly visual (R. D. Christ, 2014), The OMP can perform a widespread range of activities however there is still the possibility for improvements that may be considered for future development and improved efficiency. 6.1 VISUAL Currently the OMP can be fitted with either: Standard Definition (SD), High Definition (HD) or a 3D HD camera. For improved visibility during decommissioning operations and dredging procedures where the water conditions could be blurred due to sediment, an upgrade to a 4K Ultra HD camera would be beneficial. The light sensitivity and quality of video produced would offer the OMP user a confidence even when the seabed conditions are not clear to operate. The upgraded camera can be fitted with some more technical specifications such as noise reduction, a wider area of view and higher contrast. With these camera upgrades, the user will have less misrepresentations and even better situation and spatial awareness. 6.2 POWER OUTPUT THRUST CAPABILITIES Improving the hydraulic power units on board to 2 x 125hp would allow for an increase in 300lbs of thrust in the vertical, lateral, forward and reverse directions this would allow for the OMP to: improve its station keeping abilities, be quicker during launch and recovery, manoeuvre heavier standalone tools and extra up thrust would allow the OMP to return to the surface with heavier loads more efficiently. 6.3 MANIPULATORS Increasing the manipulators range of motion would allow for more detailed technical operations to be carried out and improve the pilot/ROV interaction. This could be made possible by improving the dual manipulators to have 7 degrees of function and mounting a wrist camera assembly to improve visibility (Oceaneering, 2017). A manipulator that could be considered could be the TITAN 4 with its 7 degrees of motion, titanium material characteristics to reduce weight and titanium wrist mounted camera to increase visibility (FMC Technologies, 2017). Decom North Sea, 2014. Decommissioning in the North Sea Review of Decommissioning Capacity, s.l.: Decom North Sea. FMC Technologies, 2017. http://www.f-e-t.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.f-e-t.com/images/uploads/Schilling_Titan_4_with_Spares_Kit.pdf[Accessed 4 March 2017]. Landis, N., 2017. Naultilus Productions. [Online] Available at: http://nautilusproductions.com/projects/mystery-mardi-gras-shipwreck-documentary[Accessed 4 March 2017]. Oceaneering DTS, 2013. DTS Tooling. [Online] Available at: http://www.oceaneering.com/oceandocuments/brochures/subseaproducts/Oceaneering-DTS-Catalog-2013.pdf[Accessed 4 March 2017]. Oceaneering, 2017. http://www.oceaneering.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.oceaneering.com/oceandocuments/brochures/rov/ROV%20-%20Nexxus.pdf[Accessed 4 March 2017]. Oceaneering, 2017. Millennium Plus 220hp heavy work class ROV. [Online] Available at: http://www.oceaneering.com/oceandocuments/brochures/rov/ROV%20-%20Millennium%20Plus.pdf [Accessed 4 March 2017]. offshore Energy Today, 2012. http://www.offshoreenergytoday.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.offshoreenergytoday.com/tag/ocean-installer/page/2/[Accessed 10 March 2017]. Offshore-mag, 2000. Offshore-mag.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-60/issue-8/news/two-part-kvitebjoslashrn-jacket-will-break-north-sea-water-depth-record.html[Accessed 19 Feb 2017]. Oil Gas UK, 2012. Oil Gas UK The Decommissioning of Steel Piled Jackets In the North Sea Region, s.l.: Oil Gas UK. Proserv, 2017. http://www.proserv.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.proserv.com/media/case-studies/decommissioning/frigg-field/[Accessed 4 March 2017]. R. D. Christ, R. L. W., 2014. The ROV Manual A User Guide for Remotely Operated Vehicles. 2nd ed. Waltham: Elsevier. stevo6187, 2017. imagala.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.imagala.com/post/1X5SEdD4ZD[Accessed 4 March 2017]. T Gram, R. K. J. K. M. J. E. K. C. H. A. S., 2011. Decommissioning of Frigg and MCP01 A Contractor View. Offshore Technology Conference, Volume 21708. Total, 2003. Frigg Field Cessation Plan, Stravanger: Total. Total, 2011. Frigg Field Cessation Plan Close Out Report, s.l.: Total. UnderwaterVision, 2017. Underwater Vision. [Online] Available at: http://www.underwatervision.co.uk/services/wind-farms-and-offshore/[Accessed 4 March 2017].

Aldeia Corrego das Telhas

Consideracoes Iniciais ( NUMERAR )O presente artigo surgiu de minha experiencia de trabalho-pesquisa com os indios Tremembes no municipio de Acarau, distante 235 kilometer district attorney capital Fortaleza. Ate o momento mutton quad que escrevo estas linhas, foram seis Maines acompanhando as duas aldeias indigenas existentes na zona rural district attorney cidade. Fui contratado como antropologo, na condicao de tecnico do Centro de Referencia da Assistencia Social – CRAS, parity atuar exclusivamente nestas comunidades. Assim, a experiencia empirica que substanciou a escrita deste artigo foi produzida a partir do contato semanal com a populacao indigena supracitada. Este contato Se deu tanto na esfera coletiva, Durante as reunioes semanais realizadas mutton quad cada comunidade, quando individualmente, visitava as familias, sendo possivel manter longas conversas com alguns indios das aldeias de Telhas vitamin E Queimadas. O objetivo deste artigo vitamin E discorrer sobre a importancia district attorney institucionalizacao organizacional parity a afirmacao district attorney identidade etnica indigena Department of State Tremembes nos dias atuais, sobretudo, com fives de acesso as politicas sociais direcionadas parity comunidades tradicionais. Utilizo como base a fundacao Department of State Conselhos Indigenas hyrax aldeias de Telhas e Queimadas e a importancia que estes exercem como facilitadores no que diz respeito aos projetos, programas vitamin E servicos do poder publico nas diversas esferas, direcionados as populacoes indigenas. Antes, porem, se faz necessario um breve relato sobre a historia destas duas comunidades indigenas.Os Tremembes de Acarau e suas trajetorias ( NUMERAR )Os indios Tremembes tiveram um longo percurso historico Ate Se estabelecerem no litoral cearense. Segundo alguns antropologos vitamin E historiadores, o grupo etnico saiu district attorney Amaz & A ; ocirc ; nia percorrend o os estados do Maranhao, Piaui ate chegarem ao litoral cearense, estabelecendo-se, principalmente na praia de Almofala, municipio de Itarema [ 2 ] . Os registros historicos dao conta district attorney presenca deste povo nos municipios de Chaval, Camocim, Granja, Marco, Acarau e tambem na Serra district attorney Ibiapaba [ 3 ] . No seculo XVII, os Tremembes foram aldeados pelos jesuitas na localidade de Almofala e la se estabeleceram Ate hoje. A literatura antropologica coloca os Tremembes como eximios pescadores, tendo em view, que foram aldeados no litoral. Entretanto, diante Department of States periodos de seca que periodicamente castigam O territorio cearense, alguns grupos foram obrigados a sair em busca de agua e alimento, iniciando uma caminhada vitamin E desbravando terras no rumo do sertao. Os Tremembes de Acarau estao inseridos neste contexto. De acordo com as memorias e narrativas de algumas liderancas e idosos, ja existiam registros district attorney presenca indigena na regiao no seculo Nineteen.Aldeia Corrego hyrax TelhasOs Tremembes do Corrego das Telhas estao localizados hour angle aproximadamente 40 kilometer district attorney sede do municipio de Acarau, estando numa regiao limitrofe com o municipio de Itarema. A historia Department of State Tremembes hyrax Telhas tem um capitulo comum a Toda as comunidades indigenas no nordeste e no Brasil: a Luda pela terra. A referida aldeia esta inserida na Terra Indigena ( TI ) [ 4 ] do Corrego Joao Pereira, composta por quatro aldeias ( Sao Jose, Cajazeiras, Capim-Acu vitamin E Telhas ) situadas entre os Department of the Interior municipios citados acima, sendo que somente a aldeia de Telhas pertence a Acarau. TI Corrego Joao Pereira e a primeira, e Ate agora a unica, terra indigena demarcada vitamin E homolgada pelo Governo Federal no Ceara. Entretanto, a Luda pela terra vitamin E os freq & A ; uuml ; entes conflitos com posseiros e latifundiarios durou quase um seculo, tendo Se acirrado nos Fatah R evolutionary Councils de 1980. De acordo com O relatorio antropologico [ 5 ] district attorney Fundacao Nacional do indio – FUNAI, os Tremembes do Corrego Joao Pereira sofreram com a violencia vitamin E o poder de grandes latifundiarios ( entre eles militares, military chaplains e politicos de Acarau ) , criadores de gado e comerciantes da castanha de caju que se apossaram e submeteram os indios a um government de semi escravidao. Alem de terem tomado as terras que tradicionalmente eram de uso dos indios, os â€Å" novos † donos cobravam pela utilizacao district attorney terra, de modo que uma grande parte district attorney producao Agricola Department of State indigenas epoch direcionada parity O pagamento da terra. Alem disso, os Tremembes foram proibidos de praticarem seus rituais, sobretudo, o torem. O movimento de resistencia Department of State Tremembes do Corrego Joao Pereira se fortaleceu a partir do apoio da Pastoral Department of State Direitos Humanos, Missao Tremembe [ 6 ] vitamin E com O reconhecimento district attorney FUNAI, no concluding district attorney decada de 80. Em 2005 a TI do Corrego Joao Pereira foi demarcada vitamin E homologada pelo Presidente Lula. A aldeia Telhas possui atualmente uma populacao de 134 pessoas agrupadas em 30 familias que vivem numa country de 540 hectares. A TI de Telhas e marcada por uma mata ainda bem preservada, pela presenca de muitos cajueiros e diversas outras especies de arvores. Durante a safra do caju, toda a aldeia Se envolve com a coleta district attorney castanha para a venda vitamin E com O pedunculo que vitamin E utilizado parity fazer doces, cajuina e O mocororo, bebida criada pelos indios, uma especie de vinho do caju. O mocororo e um Department of State principais elementos motivadores district attorney pratica do torem, uma danca de roda em que os indios exaltam a natureza, o trabalho e a relacao que O indio tem com a terra. Alem disso, outro aspecto marcante da danca vitamin E o culto aos seres encantados. Praticamente todos sao agricultores e, alem district attorney renda advinda com a venda district attorney castanha, a producao de farinha e goma e o chief fator de geracao de renda district attorney aldeia. O processo de preparacao district attorney farinha, chamado de farinhada, vitamin E feito coletivamente numa casa de farinha comunitaria. No periodo em que estao sendo realizadas, as farinhadas duram varias semanas.Aldeia QueimadasA aldeia Department of State Tremembes de Queimadas esta localizada hour angle 30 kilometer district attorney sede do municipio e encontra-se bem Proxima ao Perimetro Irrigado do Baixo Acarau que compreende uma country que perpassa as cidades de Acarau vitamin E Marco. O caminho Department of State primeiros moradores das Queimadas foi semelhante aos do Corrego Joao Pereira, havendo inclusive, lacos de parentesco entre os membros das duas comunidades. Segundo seu Cecidio [ 7 ] , o mais velho morador hyrax Queimadas, teria sido seu pai vitamin E outros se is homens com suas respectivas familias, que teriam desbravado a regiao onde hoje ocupam. Segundo ele, nos Ido de 1927, â€Å" os sete † teriam saido district attorney Lagoa Department of State Negros [ 8 ] , abrindo caminho mata a dentro, Ate que se depararam mutton quad um certo momento com uma grande queimada provocada nao se sabe por quem. Foi neste lugar que O grupo resolveu se estabelecer com suas respectivas familias. Diferentemente Department of State Tremembes hyrax Telhas, os indios de Queimadas travam sua Luda contra O proprio Estado, atraves do Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas – DNOCS, que tenta desapropriar a comunidade indigena parity ampliar a country do Perimetro Irrigado do Baixo Acarau. Os conflitos comecaram no concluding Department of State Fatah Revolutionary Council 80, quando O DNOCS alega que ja teria indenizado as familias district attorney aldeia. A comunidade reconhece que uma hyrax liderancas teria recebido dinheiro do orgao fe deral, mas argumentam que foram lesados. Mesmo a questao estando sodium justica, o DNOCS destruiu parte significativa do territorio ocupado pelos Tremembes de Queimadas, principalmente a country chamada de Serrote, tida como sagrada pelos indios. O processo continua mutton quad andamento, mas com a intervencao district attorney FUNAI vitamin E do Ministerio Publico Federal as obras na country indigena foram paralisadas. Os Tremembes de Queimadas aguardam o GT district attorney FUNAI que fara o relatorio de demarcacao e delimitacao de sua TI. Do ponto de vista econ & A ; ocirc ; mico, as duas aldeias sao semelhantes e desenvolvem as mesmas atividades, tendo o caju e a bitter cassava como principais fontes de renda. Como resultado inexoravel do contato com a sociedade envolvente, os Tremembes absorveram habitos vitamin E incorporaram praticas vitamin E costumes amplamente observados mutton quad outros contextos, sobretudo, urbanos. e possivel ver muitas casas de taipa equipadas com som, aparelho de DVD e televisao com antena parabolica. Inevitavelmente, o uso dessas tecnologias e visto como essencial parity eles, tendo em view que para a maioria hyrax familias a televisao vitamin E um Department of State raros meios de entretenimento. Em relacao aos metodos de producao Agricola, a pratica de fazer queimadas vitamin E freq & A ; uuml ; ente entre os agricultores das duas aldeias. Como conseq & A ; uuml ; encia, existem muitas countries de capoeira e a mata nativa, principalmente mutton quad Queimadas, foi bastante desmatada. Muitas arvores nativas estao mutton quad processo de desaparecimento. Por esses e outros aspectos, constatamos os reflexos do contato interetnico e como ele ressoa nas diversas countries da vida societal. Apesar district attorney renda advinda com estas atividades, a maioria hyrax familias das duas aldeias ainda vive mutton quad situacao de vulnerabilidade societal. e nesse contexto que Se insere o trabalho do CRAS nas comunidades indigenas. O CRAS, tambem chamado de Casa da Familia, vitamin E um equipamento make Ministerio make Desenvolvimento Social vitamin E Combate a Fome – MDS, gerido em forma de co-participacao com os municipios, destinado a atender vitamin E oferecer assistencia a uma parcela district attorney populacao que Se encontra em situacao de pobreza e risco societal. Em municipios onde existem populacoes indigenas o MDS recomenda que tenha um CRAS parity atender estas comunidades. Alem disso, o MDS tambem orienta que as acoes desenvolvidas em comunidades indigenas seja coordenada por um antropologo ou Cientista Social. e justamente por essa orientacao que fui contratado parity trabalhar com os Tremembes mutton quad Acarau.Um antropologo no CRASO municipio de Acarau conta com duas populacoes indigenas que Ate entao nao contavam com nenhum trabalho socioassistencial especifico por parte do poder publico. Pelo fato de estarem em processo de afirmacao etnica, lutando pelo direito a terra e a insercao m utton quad outras politicas sociais, as comunidades de Telhas e Queimadas necessitavam de apoio, no sentido de ajuda-los a Se organizarem politicamente atraves de uma instituicao que representasse os interesses da coletividade no que se refere as demandas vitamin E carencias existentes nas comunidades. Neste sentido, no ambito da assistencia societal, se fazia necessario a contratacao de um tecnico-pesquisador parity que, a partir do conhecimento district attorney historia, district attorney cultura vitamin E district attorney dinamica societal cotidiana destas populacoes, pudesse auxilia-los neste processo de afirmacao societal vitamin E politica. Segundo a Norma Operacional Basica da Assistencia Social – NOB SUAS, o trabalho desenvolvido pelo CRAS com populacoes tradicionais deve ser orientado por um Antropologo. Sobre esta questao, eis O que afirma o Mendelevium: As equipes destinadas a desenvolver trabalho com populacoes tradicionais ( indigenas, quilombolas ) ou especificas devem ser capacitadas vitamin E orientadas por um Antropologo sobre as especificidades etnicas e culturais district attorney populacao atendida, contribuindo no planejamento, monitoramento e avaliacao dos servicos vitamin E acoes. Neste sentido, e importante que a equipe estabeleca interlocucao com as liderancas district attorney comunidade atendida, parity legitimar vitamin E auxiliar O trabalho realizado junto a comunidade. [ 9 ] Pela natureza de seu oficio, o Antropologo seria aqui o profissional recomendado, tendo mutton quad view que mutton quad sua formacao ele vitamin E preparado parity, a partir de tecnicas e metodos proprios a Antropologia, desenvolver este trabalho especifico. Nesta perspectiva O Antropologo pode ser definido como um tecnico-pesquisador, posto que as atividades que desenvolve, depende antes de observacoes e estudos preliminares para que a partir district attorney configuracao societal na qual Se depara, ele possa definir estrategias de trabalho e efetivamente propor acoes que estejam de acordo com os interesses da comunidade assistida, respeitando sua dinamica sociocultural, bem como as caracteristicas que definem a identidade etnica do grupo. No caso dos Tremembes de Acarau, a questao identitaria vitamin E um componente centralizador vitamin E importantissimo para a institucionalizacao organizacional hyrax aldeias, sobretudo quando Se tem em vista a busca de melhores condicoes sociai s de sobrevivencia. A identidade etnica tambem assume relevancia nos procedimentos vitamin E acoes desenvolvidas pelas instituicoes que atuam assessorando ou defendendo os direitos Department of State indios Tremembes.Identidades mediadas: O papel hyrax instituicoes indigenistas na organizacao societal vitamin E politica Department of State Tremembes de AcarauA historia Department of State Tremembes foi marcada tanto pelo sofrimento quanto pela resistencia que os indios tiveram, posto que, mesmo sendo expulsos ou escravizados em sua terra e proibidos de se afirmarem enquanto indios, mantiveram parte de suas tradicoes e sua memoria historica. Segundo Silva ( 1999 ) , uma grande parte do sofrimento Department of State Tremembes, tanto na Praia, quanto no sertao, em exceptional os de Acarau, se deveu principalmente pelo desconhecimento Department of State seus direitos vitamin E hyrax instituicoes que poderiam apoia-los sodium Luda pela terra. Foi somente a partir do contato com instit uicoes indigenistas como a Missao Tremembe e posteriormente a FUNAI que os indios perceberam a importancia de afirmar e divulgar socialmente sua identidade indigena. De acordo com Castells ( 2002 ) , o contexto de reelaboracao district attorney identidade etnica das comunidades indigenas em Acarau assume as caracteristicas de uma identidade de resistencia, tendo mutton quad view que ela vitamin E formulada pelos atores sociais contrarios a algum tipo de dominacao, criando principios de resistencia. Ainda sobre este assunto, de acordo com Vale ( 2005 ) , a atuacao de missionarios catolicos, entre eles, Maria Amelia Leite, fundadora district attorney Associacao Missao Tremembe – AMIT, foi cardinal parity a redefinicao do perfil organizacional, das demandas politicas vitamin E Department of State investimentos etnicos Department of State Tremembes district attorney Varjota, em Itarema. Pode-se afirmar que O mesmo processo ocorreu com os Tremembes de Telhas vitamin E Queimadas. Como a FUNAI ainda nao possuia nenhuma unidade administrativa no Ceara [ 10 ] , o suporte juridico e societal foi feito atraves da Missao Tremembe que, por sua vez, mobilizava outras instituicoes para guardian a questao Department of State Tremembes. Vale ressaltar, que no seu convivio com os indigenas de Itarema, Acarau e Itapipoca, os missionarios da AMIT estimulavam as comunidades a afirmarem sua identidade de indios, bem como no retorno de praticas como O torem. Desta forma, nos ultimos 25 Fatah R evolutionary Councils, a indianidade Department of State Tremembes foi fortemente estimulada pelos agentes indigenistas que acompanham as comunidades nos municipios citados. Me refiro a indianidade como percepcao vitamin E reflexo daquele sujeito que Se ve vitamin E se sente indio. Segundo Braz ( 2009 ) , essa indianidade esta relacionada aqueles que, apesar do imaginario societal desabonador construido sobre estas populacoes, alimentam um outro sentimento vitamin E uma outra atitude diante de sua ancestralidade vitamin E faz dela, no mundo hodierno, objeto de auto-estima, dignidade vitamin E afirmacao etnica. Com relacao as acoes do CRAS de Acarau, o trabalho Se concentra principalmente na importancia district attorney organizacao politica dos indios a fim de que estes possam ser inseridos sodiums politicas e programas sociais, sobretudo do governo federal. Neste sentido, o trabalho desenvolvido pele equipe do CRAS, na qual faco parte, consiste no assessoramento das duas aldeias no que se refere a institucionalizacao atraves dos Conselhos Indigenas, bem como na insercao das comunidades, atraves dos Conselhos, nos projetos sociais de geracao de trabalho e renda, assim como naqueles que preconizam a valorizacao district attorney cultura indigena. O primeiro desafio foi articular O perfil organizacional hyrax duas comunidades que apresentavam situacoes bem parecidas. Ambas nao possuiam qualquer tipo de instituicao juridicamente reconhecida que pudessem representa-los. Existiam apenas as chamadas â€Å" liderancas † , que sao pessoas que Se destacam pela disposicao em representar a aldeia mutton quad algum evento vitamin E pela autoridade que exercem internamente entre os pares. Entretanto, quando os tecnicos do CRAS iniciaram o trabalho de campo perceberam que as duas aldeias se encontravam fragmentadas, atomizadas vitamin E, alem disso, descrentes em relacao a qualquer tentativa de organizacao, tendo em view que tanto o poder publico, quanto suas proprias â€Å" liderancas † nao correspondiam as expectativas district attorney coletividade. Os conflitos Delaware opinioes, as diferencas entre membros da comunidade vitamin E a desconfianca mutton quad relacao aos lideres foram decisivos parity a resistencia hyrax c omunidades em aceitar a ajuda Department of State tecnicos do CRAS. Somente quando o antropologo e a estagiaria [ 11 ] conseguiram a confianca hyrax familias vitamin E que o processo de organizacao foi iniciado. A partir Delaware reunioes coletivas semanais os problemas internos da aldeia eram colocados, discutidos vitamin E debatidos pela comunidade. Os profissionais do CRAS mediavam as situacoes, tentando extrair deles mesmos, as solucoes para os entraves e problemas district attorney aldeia. Um aspecto freq & A ; uuml ; entemente utilizado pelo antropologo na epoca epoch a necessidade hyrax duas aldeias de afirmar sua identidade por meio de uma instituicao que de fato representasse nao so os interesses daquela coletividade, mas que tambem pudesse dar visibilidade aos Tremembes de Acarau. Isso so seria possivel atraves da criacao de um Conselho Indigena. Tais conselhos teriam nao somente de representar os interesses dos indios, como tambem de dar visibilidade aos Tremembes de Telhas e Queimadas diante do poder publico e district attorney sociedade civil. A partir district attorney criacao Department of State Conselhos os Tremembes estao se inserindo gradativamente nos projetos e politicas sociais [ 12 ] . Alem disso, estao inseridos nos Territorios Rurais de Identidade, estrategia do governo make estado de dividir o estado em territorios, visando o desenvolvimento territorial de countries ligadas por criterios econ & amp ; ocirc ; micos, sociais vitamin E culturais [ 13 ] . Dentro district attorney politica Department of State territorios, o governo estadual estabelece que um percentual Department of State recursos investidos no territorio sejam direcionados as comunidades indigenas e quilombolas. Tal estrategia Poe mutton quad evidencia a necessidade de elaboracao e reelaboracao das identidades etnicas, que no caso dos indios Tremembes tem como reflexo principal a territorialidade. e inegavel os tracos historicos vitamin E culturais district attorney indianidade Department of State Tremembes de Acarau, entretanto, a afirmacao district attorney identidade indigena assume um carater utilitario evidente. Estas comunidades buscam direitos que lhes foram assegurados pela constituicao de 1988 vitamin E que Ate hoje nao sao cumpridos pelo Estado em suas diversas instancias. Deste modo, o dizer-se vitamin E sentir-se indio, manifesta um desejo de acesso, sobretudo, a Taoist sonhada terra. Vale ressaltar que um traco marcante que identifica O indio, segundo os proprios Tremembes, e a relacao que este possui com a â€Å" mata † , a â€Å" mae terra † , a â€Å" mae natureza † . Estas expressoes sao facilmente encontradas no discurso dos indios, assumed names, nao somente na fala, como tambem nas letras das musicas cantadas no ritual do torem. Alem district attorney terra, a maioria hyrax populacoes indigenas, nao so aqui no Ceara, mom mutton quad todo O Brasil, carece de acesso aos servicos essenciais de saude, educacao e oportunidades que lhes garantam meios de ascender da situacao de miseria e abandono em que muitas aldeias se encontram atualmente parity uma condicao societal mais salubre. Neste sentido, as populacoes indigenas, atraves da mediacao de agentes sociais parceiros na luta pela defesa Department of State direitos indigenas, tem percebido a necessidade de se organizar societal vitamin E politicamente. E nesta estrategia, a afirmacao district attorney identidade etnica e de suma importancia, pois ela se configura como avalizadora Department of State anseios, projetos e demandas hyrax comunidades. Desta forma, concordo com Silva ( 2000 ) , quando diz que a definicao district attorney identidade vitamin E district attorney diferenca tambem esta relacionada a uma disputa de poder que traduz o desejo de acesso aos bens sociais de ordem simbolica, stuff vitamin E politica. Sendo assim, as identidades sao construcoes make mundo cultural vitamin E societal, portanto, sao fabricadas. Elas refletem os agenciamentos vitamin E as imagens produzidas pelos sujeitos atraves das relacoes cotidianas. vitamin E claro que o sentido de â€Å" fabricacao † vitamin E â€Å" construcao † nao assume um carater pejorativo, pelo contrario, evidencia a capacidade Department of State grupos, inclusive os indios, de estarem elaborando e reelaborando suas identidades no pacing e no espaco. No caso dos Tremembes vitamin E Department of State demais indios no Ceara, o termo mais utilizado vitamin E O district attorney reelaboracao hyrax identidades indigenas, tendo mutton quad view que estes grupos foram perseguidos, oprimidos vitamin E forcados a negar/ocultar sua identidade de indio. Na Antropologia, o movimento de reconstrucao das identidades outrora suprimidas vitamin E definido como etnogenese, que segundo Oliveira Filho ( 2004 ) , e um processo de recriacao cultural, â€Å" abrangendo tanto a emergencia de novas identidades, como a reinvencao de etnias ja reconhecidas † ( OLIVEIRA, 2004 apud Gomes, 2009 ) . Esta reelaboracao, por sua vez, acontece num momento historico, politician e societal especifico que exige a necessidade que estas identidades sejam afirmadas diante da condicao societal peculiar mutton quad que vivem os Tremembes atualmente.Consideracoes finaisA minha pretensao neste artigo foi de discorrer sobre O caminho que tem trilhado os Tremembes de Acarau atualmente, destacando o processo de organizacao politica das duas aldeias indigenas. Tenho consciencia do carater experimental deste trabalho vitamin E acredito que o leitor pode ter sentido falta de outras informacoes que poderiam estar presentes no texto, mom diante do tempo e district attorney proposta do artigo nao foi possivel aprofundar nesta ocasiao. Tambem nao quis fazer uma discussao teorica mais substancial, tanto sobre a historia Department of State Tremembes quanto sobre a questao district attorney identidade etnica. Sobre esses temas, muitos trabalhos podem ser encontrados facilmente. Minha intencao foi tentar mostrar como a questao district attorney identidade etnica aparece vitamin E como Revolutionary People's Struggle e utilizada no cotidiano das comunidades pesquisadas.REFEReNCIAS BIBLIOGRaFICASCASTELLS, Manuel. O Poder district attorney Identidade: A Era district attorney Informacao: Economia, Sociedade vitamin E Cultura. Vol. 2. 2? Ed. , Sao Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2002.GOMES, Alexandre Oliveira. A saga Delaware Amanay, O algodao, e dos indios da porangaba. In: PALITOT, Estevao. ( Org. ) . Na Mata do Sabia: Contribuicoes sobre a presenca indigena no Ceara. Fortaleza: Secult / Museu do Ceara / IMOPEC, 2009.SILVA, Cristhian Teofilo district attorney Silva. Relatorio circunstaciado de identificacao e delimitacao da Terra In digena Corrego Joao Pereira/CE. Brasilia: Funai, 1999. 173p.SILVA, Izabelle Braz Peixoto district attorney. Prefacio. In: PALITOT, Estevao. ( Org. ) . Na Mata do Sabia: Contribuicoes sobre a presenca indigena no Ceara. Fortaleza: Secult / Museu do Ceara / IMOPEC, 2009.SILVA, Tomaz Tadeu. Identidade e diferenca: a perspectiva Department of State Estudos Culturais. Petropolis: Vozes, 2000.VALLE, Carlos Guilherme do. Tremembes. Povos Indigenas do Brasil – Petabyte: 2005. Acessado no endereco hypertext transfer protocol: //pib.socioambiental.org/pt/povo/tremembe/1659 mutton quad 21/02/2010.Ob: AS DEVIDAS CONSIDERAcoES FEITAS OBEDECERAM aS NORMAS DA ABNT E FORAM TAMBEM COSULTADOS MANUAIS DE METODOLOGIA DE LAVILLE & A ; DIONE, BEM COMO ANTONIO JOAQUIM SEVERINO E ANTONIO CARLOS GIL.PARABENIZO PELO EXCELENTE TRABALHO, AS INFORMAcoES POSSUEM GRANDE VALOR PARA OS LEITORES.Artigo apresentado na disciplina Teorias do Desenvolvimento Social do curso de Especializacao em Gestao de Organiza coes Sociais district attorney Universidade Estadual Vale do Acarau – UVA.Itarema foi distrito de Acarau, obtendo sua emancipacao mutton quad 1984. Desse modo, a literatura faz referencia a presenca Department of State Tremembes mutton quad Acarau. vitamin E interessante notar que, atualmente, a maioria district attorney populacao de Acarau desconhece a presenca de indios no municipio, pois a referencia Department of State Tremembes e a Praia de Almofala, que vitamin E distrito de Itarema.Cf. Silva, 1999.Juridicamente, a constituicao de 1988 mutton quad seu artigo 231 define Terra Indigena como aquelas â€Å" por eles ( indios ) habitadas em carater permanente, as utilizadas parity suas atividades produtivas, as imprescindiveis a preservacao Department of State recursos ambientais necessarios a seu bem-estar vitamin E as necessarias a sua reproducao fisica e cultural, segundo seu usos, costumes vitamin E tradicoes † .Cf. Silva ( 1999 ) .Instituicao indigenista fundada por Maria Amelia Leite que presta assessoria vitamin E acompanha a questao district attorney demarcacao hyrax terras dos Tremembes mutton quad Itarema, Itapipoca e Acarau.Depoimento obtido informalmente, mas que se encontra presente no relatorio antropologico realizado pelo Antropologo Sergio Telles Brissac, analista pericial mutton quad Antropologia do Ministerio Publico Federal – MPF/CE, mutton quad 2007.A Lagoa Department of State Negros esta situada no municipio de Itarema. Segundo depoimentos, o lugar teria sido descoberto pelos indios que vinham de Almofala. A referida lagoa epoch muito bonita vitamin E havia fartura de agua, peixe e outros animais que viviam mutton quad redor. Os indios contam que ela foi desencantada pelo Paje Joao Cosmo. Como epoch um lugar bonito vitamin E tambem propicio a criacao de gado, pela abundancia de agua, alguns â€Å" coroneis † expulsaram os indios e se apossaram do lugar. e nesse exodo que um grupo de indios chega a localidade de Queimadas.Extraido do site: Hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mds.gov.br/servicos/fale-conosco/asistencia-social/gestor-tecnico†¦ Acessado em 27/08/2009.Isso so veio a acontecer mutton quad 1994, quando a FUNAI abriu um Nucleo de Apoio Local – NAL no Ceara. Antes disso, o estado estava subordinado a Administracao Executiva Regional – AER district attorney Paraiba.Me refiro aos colegas Nino Amorim vitamin E Raquel Monteiro que me antecederam nesta funcao. Efetivamente, este trabalho com as aldeias de Telhas e Queimadas se iniciou em janeiro de 2009. Em agosto fui contratado parity substituir O referido colega que foi convocado parity assumir vaga de professor pleiteada em concurso na Universidade Federal de Rond & A ; ocirc ; nia – UNIR.Atualmente, as duas aldeias foram inseridas no Programa de Aquisicao de Alimentos – PAA district attorney Conab, onde irao produzir vitamin E seller alimentos para a merenda Lepidocybium flavobrunneum. Alem deste, ho ur angle um outro projeto de avicultura da Secretaria district attorney Agricultura de Acarau em parceria com O Banco do Nordeste – BNB.De acordo com a Secretaria do Desenvolvimentos Agrario do Ceara – DAS, os territorios rurais sao espacos fisicos geograficamente definidos, onde se pode distinguir um ou mais elementos que indicam identidade vitamin E coesao societal e cultural. Cada territorio vitamin E gerido por um colegiado, que vitamin E formado por representantes do poder publico ( municipal, estadual e federal ) e da sociedade civil, como movimentos sociais vitamin E organizacoes nao governamentais ( ONGs ) . Fonte: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ceara.gov.br/noticias/ceara-quer-criar-mais-seis-territorios-rurais mutton quad 20/02/2010.

Mixed martial arts vs Traditional Martial Arts Essay

Fighting and violence is one of the biggest problems in society today. MMA, to many people, is only promoting this as a value, instead of an issue. Another battle that this bloody sport is fighting is for its own legitimacy. There are plenty of other sports that have some fighting, but no one questions the legitimacy of sports such as ice-hockey, in which there is a fight at least once a game, or football (Frisht n. pag. ). MMA is also a relatively new and has also taken a large step from where it started, having been illegal in all 50 states shortly after its institutionalization (Ramirez n. ag. ). And even at that, UFC is the only nationally legal organization for MMA. Not only is it fighting for its authenticity as a sport, but it is fighting for recognition as a martial art and fighting style, as well. Some specialists and fighters argue that it is a martial art all its own. Others argue that it’s nothing more than a rip-off of the greatest martial arts that have come before it. Finally, other, more secular people rationally conclude that it cannot be considered a traditional martial art at all and is barely acceptable as a sport. But this also puts these people in the perfect position to be attacked by a very simply answered question: Why can’t MMA be considered a traditional martial art? To begin, one of the biggest differences between MMA and traditional martial arts is the purpose for which they were developed. MMA, for example, was developed as nothing more than a style for cage-match entertainment. Traditional martial arts, however, were developed for a variety of different reasons, mainly self-defense. For instance, Jiu-Jitsu and Ninjitsu both derive from ancient Japan as a means for the people to defend themselves against the Samurai (Browning n. pag. ). Similarly, Tang Soo Do was developed in Okinawa and Southern Korea under ancient Japanese influence (Yi n. pag. ). Not only is the purpose of MMA something that sets it apart, it is a difference that sets the stage for several other staggering differences. To continue, purpose is intertwined with origins. Many traditional martial arts come out of the ancient oriental regions as means of self-defense due to the areas unsafe and sometimes unstable societal environment. Thugs, brutal imperial fighter, and common bandits all posed a threat to civilians and those who didn’t particularly fancy their emperors, such as the Okinawan farmers under the oppression of the imperial Japanese samurai (Frisht n. pag. ). A handful of traditional martial arts even boast origins in Brazil, such as the Brazilian variants of Jiu-Jitsu. MMA, however, comes out of America and Europe as a means of entertainment (Greene n. pag. ). Next, Style is the biggest difference between traditional martial arts and MMA. Traditional martial arts are very focused on detaining or incapacitating an attacker. Many traditional martial arts accomplish this by utilizing non-lethal locks and strikes. Traditional martial arts are also guided by morality and law. When faced with non-lethal force, only non-lethal force is permitted in return. When faced with a serious, but non-life-threatening situation, only an equal amount of lethality is permitted. MMA, on the other hand, is much more brutal and borderline senseless (Greene n. pag. ). Also, where traditional Martial Arts would seek to just incapacitate using locks, MMA seeks to go above and beyond the required force, relying on strength where traditionalists would’ve chosen technique. When, relying on strength as a sole asset in combat, as described by Master Bob Cameron, a fighter’s combat variables become very dependent on their opponent. If their opponent is stronger and strength is the only strategy they hold as an asset, loss is pre-determined. Technique, however, allows one’s variables to be much more independent of their opponent’s. Using technique over strength allows a martial artist to apply their whole body to ascertain one goal; it allows a fighter to turn their opponent’s own strength against them, using it in their favor (Cameron n. pag. ). At last, the final reason MMA cannot be considered a traditional martial art is its training style. MMA takes a very solo approach to training, as it is a solo sport. A lot of its training is based on punching, kicking, and striking an inanimate target. Martial arts, traditionally, however is trained in a group. This allows a martial artist to test, study, apply, and perfect a technique on another martial artist, which drastically affects and differs the applicability and effectiveness of the two styles. In a real-world scenario, MMA is not very realistic, due to its brutality and aggressiveness. Traditional martial arts, however, allow an artist to realistically and safely incapacitate an attacker (Greene n. pag. ). The realistic training styles of traditional martial arts allow it to be much more effective in combat. To conclude, MMA and traditional martial arts have more distinguishing differences than are calculable, the most distinguishing being purpose, origin, fighting and training styles, and applicability. Although, many take their side, those who argue that MMA is a traditional martial art are fighting an uphill battle in a mudslide due to their scarce and obvious lack of support. The differences between the two create a gorge miles wide with no bridge that may never have been meant to have been crossed. Furthermore, these staggering differences clearly prove that MMA cannot be considered a traditional martial art.

The Complete Guide on How to Write a Public Relations Research Paper

The Complete Guide on How to Write a Public Relations Research Paper It is no doubt that every student needs to make significant efforts to write a proper paper worthy of A/A+. Nevertheless, either a perfect research paper or short article requires sophisticated research and work with credible sources. What is more, a student should be able to employ the necessary literary devices and stylistics to intersperse the paper but not so sophisticated that it may seem that Charles Dickens wrote it. Frankly speaking, a flawless paper requires regular practice until one develops all the effective methods of writing. Asking, â€Å"Where to find all this useful information on academic writing?† Look! You can read a lot of ‘great’ books, manuals or, alternatively, you can just read this complete public relations research paper writing guide to the end and write a good research paper on Public Relations. As a result, you will deal with different stages of good writing that are directly applicable to the public relations field. What to Write About in My Public Relations Research Paper? Before writing a research paper itself, it is important to understand the meaning of Public Relations. While writing such a type of work, it is better to define the central terms for the field, its current methods, strategies, and practices. As public relations is the essential element of the marketing strategy of any modern institution and company, you should know how to determine its role for the business realm. As a research paper writer, you may provide a new perspective to the audience while investigating the current state of affairs in Public Relations. Moreover, you can examine a certain product or service in the paper by discussing its advantages and disadvantages. It is significant to discuss the communication strategies since they are the inevitable part of each public relations policy. Thus, you should demonstrate strong interest and knowledge in the character and performance of public relations by including relevant citations, statistics, analysis, and comparison. It is crucial not to confuse a research paper with an essay or term paper on the same topic. To be more specific, while a writer usually expresses his/her point of view in an essay, a research paper should focus more on the information provided by the other authors. Another distinct feature is the length of the work since an essay should have around 5 pages, a research paper is written at least on 8 pages or more. It is not so important to understand the subject deeply to write an essay; however, while doing research, you’d better possess the profound knowledge of the discipline. In your case, it is Public Relations. So your research paper can include the methods to compare and contrast or analytical and argumentative tones. In contrast, while writing an essay, you stick to the academic style mixed with the philosophical or narrative tones. The mentioned styles are not the only possible, although, they are the most common among the essay writers. Also, a research paper can in troduce the literature review as the current opinions about the investigated topic. Therefore, a research paper is more sophisticated and complex type of academic paper since it requires the skillful evaluation of the information and its detailed presentation. The work must be structured and filled with the opinions of competent critics, as well as supported by the strong researcher’s arguments. Choose a Good Topic for Your Research Paper on Public Relations Once you determine the type of writing you need to work on, it is significant to choose the topic. It is more important to do it properly. As an alternative, you can ask for the advice of your instructor â€Å"What is the best topic for my research paper on Public Relations?† In this case, you should have the list of possible topics in hand. Otherwise, there is an impression that you have no idea what public relations are. So it is more interesting to choose the topic that is the most appealing to you as a researcher. Brainstorm the ideas and define the keywords of the field in question. To be honest, a mind map is always a useful idea since it helps to visualize both the central idea and surrounding blocks. Also, the potential findings can be discovered by such a method. After that, it is crucial to make sure that proper information is available in libraries or on the Internet. Then, it is useful to formulate a strong thesis statement to elaborate a research paper on it. Don’t neglect the outline creation. Your research paper outline is based on several reflective questions. You can find it complicated to write a proper outline without details. So, specify the goal of your paper, the target audience, and the potential areas of controversy. Public Relations is a broad and sophisticated discipline to research, so the tutor’s assistance may be needed. Furthermore, in the sphere of public relations, the body of knowledge is constantly growing. Indeed, a suitable topic may concern some innovative issues since recent technologies are of the utmost importance for this discipline. What is more, the information about innovations can transform the research paper into the valuable source of a novelty for further investigation. The sphere of public relations is closely linked to the real-life environment. So despite being a rather challenging task, writing a research paper seems to contribute to the practical experience of future specialists. The public relations field is regarded as one of the most complicated areas to research for some reasons. The ambiguousness of the terms makes it difficult for the researchers to agree on the interpretation. Nonetheless, public relations usually stands for the contributing relations between the institutions, organizations, companies, and their audiences. The scope of public relations is rather far-reaching, which, in turn, makes a topic application process easier. Public relations are closely associated with the public so that it can be applied to a broad variety of industries, from private to governmental institutions. Hence, there is a vast range of topics suitable for the research paper on Public Relations. Remember that it is not enough to focus merely on the definitions since public relations is a much wider discipline. For instance, you can study different functions and branches of modern public relations, and compare them with previous tendencies; thus, conducting a historical analysis. There are the most interesting topics to choose from: The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Public Relations. The matter is that CRS is crucial for the development of public organizations so that it would be useful to understand its role and functions; The Role of Public Relations in Crisis Management. Public relations specialists’ efforts are often aimed at supporting a company when any problem occurs a financial crisis or any other issue. The Impact of Media on Public Relations. Apparently, social media has played an essential role in public relations, and this topic is rather broad as it includes the primary research of media tendencies; The Evaluation of Public Relations Management in Technology. Technological issues correlate to modern communication, and it would be beneficial to rate its role in public relations; The Evolution of Public Relations Discipline. Public relations as a discipline isn’t a recent invention. There are a lot of points worthy of evaluation; The Importance of Internal Communication for Public Relations. The internal communication functions in the shifted environment. Therefore, public relations are changing with the times as well. Last, but not least, you can write a research paper on a definition of public relations. As a rule, different terms are generated in such a way as to discuss them from various perspectives. Conduct your own research on the interpretation of all the available information. On the other side, it is useful to mention the variants of non-deliberate topic choices, like: A Case Study of Public Relations Management; Public Relations and Inbound Marketing. The fact is that these options do not reveal the essence of future work and need an improvement. When talking about the topic related to governmental practice, it must be said that the variety of sectors are beneficial in this regard. To be more accurate, every company needs an effective communication strategy to address large audiences. The public relations management is a proper tool to improve the image and reputation of the organization. For this aim, companies can employ different media tools, commonly used in modern social media. Also, the rapid technological revolution influences the development of public relations that makes it even more interesting to choose the topic. How to Write My Public Relations Research Paper Structurally? Our Experts Give Extensive Answers While writing the research paper in Public Relations, it would be useful to rely not only on the academic or peer-reviewed works but also examples of one’s personal experience in this sphere. Therefore, you should include interviews or surveys of specialists or groups of specialists to make research more vivid and multifaceted. Regarding the sphere of public relations, the primary research based on the human subject will be up-to-date since the relationship between people is the touchstone of public relations. As you know what topic to research in your paper, it is important to think over the structure of the research paper. Remember that the title is one of the essential parts of each paper. That is why it has to be distinctive and even thought-provoking. Imagine that you are offered to choose from a variety of academic papers on the same subject what work would you choose without flipping through it? The paper with the noticeable title will win â€Å"the battle.† A title is used to introduce the topic of research to the audience so that people may already grasp the central idea of paper writing. Next, you should include the abstract that may be defined as the summary of the paper. An abstract is considered a standard requirement for research papers, and that is the major difference between the research paper and the other types of writing, such as essays or reviews. In the introduction, you should answer simple questions: Why did I choose to write about this topic? What was of the most interest to me? What would I like to share with my audience? The introduction always lays the foundation for further content, or background of the research paper. Also, the paper of such type usually includes the methods of research. This section is devoted to how the writer did the study. In this regard, you should explain the central setting, study design, and sampling strategy of the research process. Here, one can also include the study variables or the procedures of data collection. Also, a writer should outline the methods of the research analysis. Next, as the author of good research papers should make the report of the collected data and key findings. Remember the central problem of the research paper and make sure that the results correspond to the thesis statement. A discussion is an unavoidable part of the previous unit. It gives the writer an opportunity to present the final results. The main findings of the research should be discussed in relation to the previous research in order not to lose or confuse the central point. If you are interested in the potential development and study of the particular topic, it is important to include the passage about practical implementations of the findings. Also, you should evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the research; namely, discover its limitations. The conclusion is an integral part of each research paper, and it is important not to restate the data that has been mentioned previously. Nevertheless, it can include personal references or prospects for further work. If someone provides you with profound research for your topic, it is a proper way to include them into the references list. As the researchers contribute to your work significantly, they deserve to earn authorship. To proceed to the closing stage of the paper, you must include references from which you take some in-text citations completed properly. References should consist of any materials that are used in the research paper. It is advantageous to include some hints on writing the strong research paper. If a person writes about the subject of his/her passion, it is more likely that they will succeed. So choose what you like in public relations. A researcher should find the connection between the educational and career goals, merely not to waste time on writing. Effective research proves to be useful if it can be employed in professional practice, or at least if it contributes to the experience. What is more, a strong thesis statement is a formula for success. A thesis can be regarded as the writer’s state of intent since it is the demonstration of his/her expectations and aims in the research. To write a powerful thesis, a writer should think over the unlikely connections, controversies or misconceptions within the chosen topic. Another useful way would be to re-frame the classic terms in the context of current technology or innovation trends. Obviously, consultation with professionals is vital for writing the perfect research paper. Unfortunately, the even broad personal experience is not enough in this regard. Nowadays, the Internet offers a variety of sources to choose from so they are of general access to all writers. The Internet can be the leading voice in one’s field of writing regardless of the academic position. The list of useful sources on the primary level can compound: Johnston, Jane. Media Relations: Issues and Strategies. Allen Unwin, 2013. Swann, Patricia. Cases in Public Relations Management: the Rise of Social Media and Activism. Routledge, 2018. Heaney, Katie, and Arianna Rebolini. Public Relations. Grand Central Publishing, 2017. Heath, Robert Lawrence. Encyclopedia of Public Relations. Sage, 2013. As it has been mentioned above, the interaction with the other people is encouraged while conducting research. You can find interesting personalities who can help to better understand the aim and tasks of the project. Thus, those mentors can answer the emerged questions and add significant value and novelty to the research paper. Furthermore, you can make effective connections in a professional sphere by such means. To sum up, you’re equipped with strong public relations research paper tips on how to write a research paper on Public Relations. Learn to be a step ahead!

Engage Students with Songs to Teach Metaphor and Simile

Engage Students with Songs to Teach Metaphor and Simile One way to engage students in the study of figurative language-specifically similes and metaphors- is to use examples from the songs they like. Teachers in grades 7-12 can point out how the  metaphors and similes in song lyrics allow  songwriters to communicate their innermost feelings. The metaphors and similes in songs help students to visualize comparisons that are  purposefully placed to convey attitude- Sad? Tears of a Clown. Happy? Walking on Sunshine. Dependable? Solid like a Rock.   If a teacher wants to teach similes and call attention to the  characteristic comparison word like, there is probably nothing more iconic then the song Like a Rolling Stone, the 1965  folk rock anthem by Nobel  laureate Bob Dylan. A more contemporary song example is   Let It Go from the Disney film Frozen where the Princess Elsa (voiced by  Idina Menzel) laments that The wind is howling like this swirling storm inside. Teachers can show how the songwriters chose similes to help listeners visualize the emotions of the singer, and both of these examples  use the word like in their poetic comparisons. For the explicit instruction of metaphors, there is  the 2015 country music hit by Keith Urban titled  John Cougar,  John Deere,  John 3:16  Ã‚  that  begins with a series of rapid-fire metaphors: Im a forty-five spinning on an old Victrola;  Im a two strike swinger, Im a Pepsi cola... There is also the classic rock and roll hit  Hound Dog, covered by Elvis Presley (1956) with its unflattering comparison to someone who is crying all the time... Here the metaphors are comparisons are direct but unusual: a singer to a record, a friend to a dog. These metaphors help the listener better understand the relationships in the songs. Caution: PG Language Only: While teachers can engage students by having them find similes and metaphors in the music they enjoy, the sharing of these songs in school must include high degrees of caution. There are several song lyrics that are explicit in their use of improper language, vulgarity, or profanity. There are also song lyrics that intentionally use metaphors and similes as coded language to send an implicit message that could be inappropriate for a middle school or high school class. If students will be allowed to share songs and lyrics in class, they must be prepared to share only those verses that are appropriate for use in class. In other words, PG lyrics only!   Here are two linked articles with songs that are already previewed for use in class that can be used to provide additional examples of both similes and metaphors in songs. Several of these song lyrics have already been analyzed to help teach about these key figures of speech: Article #1:Songs With Metaphors This article features 13 songs that can be used as models  for mini-lessons. The examples of metaphors in the lyrics are already analyzed for use in class. Songs include: ​Cant Stop the Feeling- by Justin TimberlakeH.O.L.Y. -Florida Georgia Line​Im Already There,  by LonestarThis is What You Came For -Rhianna Article #2:Songs With Similes This article features eight songs that can be used as models   or mini-lessons. The examples of similes in the lyrics are already analyzed for use in class. Songs include: Just Like Fire  -PinkStiches by  Shawn MendesExs Ohs by Elle King Common Core Connection Teachers still meet the literacy anchor standard in the Common Core for  English Language Arts when they use   song lyrics to address metaphors and similes: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.CCRA.R.4Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone. Finally, using song lyrics is one way teachers can move away from the worksheet and show students the importance of metaphors and similes in their everyday lives. Research on motivating students also suggests that when students are given the opportunity to make a choice, their level of engagement increases. Increasing student engagement through choice and allowing them to  share how  songwriters from every musical genre use similes and metaphors may give students the practice they need to become  proficient in interpreting and analyzing figurative language in other kinds of texts.

British Petroleum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

British Petroleum - Research Paper Example With reference to the studies conducted by Vassiliou (2009), it is of essence to first note that British Petroleum (BP) is British multinational Oil and Gas Company, which has established its operations in over eighty countries across the World. Additionally, the company is ranked as the third largest energy company in the World and the fourth largest company in the word in terms of revenue earned. Norse and Amos (2010) in their writings stated that on the 20th of April 2010, there was an explosion at the coast of Louisiana, which originated from BP’s deep-sea petroleum rig that was used for drilling purposes. Following the explosion, the rig burnt down for more than thirty hours before it finally sank into the deep sea and during this time the hydrocarbons in the deep-sea oil reserve had started leaking onto the Gulf of Mexico and it took eighty-seven days to close the leak. According to Juhasv (2011), the accident at the deep sea caused the death of eleven people most of whom were employees of the company, and several people who were near the site of the accident suffered severe injuries. In addition, the oil spill resulted into one of the worst environmental pollution in the world history and it even caused certain illnesses that were related to the spill exposure to those who participated in the clean-up exercises and some of the residents of the gulf region. In regards to the company, it suffered huge economical expenses in the clean up and compensation exercises. This present research paper mainly seeks to analyze the communication strategy adopted by the company after the explosion and in what ways the company could improve its crisis communication strategies. According to Kotter (2012), when an organization is faced with any crisis, it is always important to communicate with all the stakeholders in order to maintain good relations with them. Equally, when BP was

'Is chocolate a food or a drug' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

'Is chocolate a food or a drug' - Essay Example Chocolate has been a popular and revered flavor for many past civilizations, chocolate residue have been found in pottery dating to 1100 BC from Honduras, and 600-400 BC from Belize. Till date chocolate is one of the most popular flavors in the world and chocolate lovers known as "chocoholics" are ready to swear by its pleasurable and medicinal effects. The Mayan civilization worshipped the Cacao Tree for they believed it was divine in origin. The Mayans called the fruit of the cacao tree "food of the gods† and also associated it with the god of fertility. The Aztecs also considered the cocoa tree a gift from the god of wisdom and knowledge. They considered chocolate to be an aphrodisiac as it invigorated men and made women less inhibited, the Aztec emperor Monteczuma is said to have drank fifty golden goblets of chocolate a day in order to enhance his sexual ability (Thames & Hudson, 2000) Chocolate was an important luxury good throughout pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and cacao beans were often used as currency. Today chocolate takes the form of a substance of powder or a block composing of raw and processed food from roasted and crushed cacao seeds found from the tropical cacao tree. Chocolate has a unique appeal of sugar, texture, flavor, sweetness and aroma, making it the most common ingredient for confectionary sweet food as well as flavoring. There are three varieties of chocolate available, chocolate coated or made of dark chocolate, milk chocolate and white chocolate (Hornby 1989). Dark chocolate contains a mild content of cocoa butter and a fat that naturally occurs in cocoa beans. These beans are made up of 34% of stearic acid, 24% of oleic acid, 25% of palmitic acid and 7% of other fatty acids (Roth 2007). Milk chocolate contains two times the amount of antioxidants where as dark chocolate contains five times the amount of antioxidants (Moss 2002). While white chocolate only contain the texture and sweetness (Hemmelgarn 2006). Dark