Individual Gathering and Evaluating Information Essay Example for Free

Individual Gathering and Evaluating Information EssayList the APA reference citation for the source.Determine the credibility of the source. Consider the following criteriaWhat is the answer and affiliation of the organization or author related to the article?What argon the authors credentials?Is the reading live? When was the info last updated?Does the information cross-reference with other sources?Does the source contain bias without evidence to support the claim?Explain in at least two to four sentences what information you can gather from this source. Source (formatted consistent with APA guidelines)What makes the source credible or noncredible? What information can you gather from this source? Curfman, G. D., Morrissey, S., Drazen, J. M. (2013). favorable action in the balance. The mod England Journal of Medicine, 368(1), 73-4. Retrieved from http// depend.proquest.com/docview/1266235513?accountid=458What impact the outcome may play on school admissions.Hu, H. (2012). Debate over affirmative action in college admissions continues. Diverse Issues in high Education, 29(19), 8. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1117362730?accountid=458This article has been peer reviewed for credibility.Another perspective of Fisher vs. University of Texas. The role NACAC plays in admissions to schools. Julia S. Jordan-Zachery, Richard Seltzer, Responses to affirmative action Is there a question order affect?, The Social intelligence Journal, Volume 49, Issue 2, June 2012, Pages 119-126, ISSN 0362-3319, http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.08.012. (http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331911001169)This article has been peer reviewed for credibility.This source go forth be used to show the publics response of Affirmative Action, and its varying degrees. This source also has great experimental results that can be incorporated. Fullinwider, Robert, Affirmative Action, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition), Edw ard N. Zalta (ed.), http//plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/affirmative-action/This source is from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.This source testament be utilized for various information since it covers many topics. This source exit also be used to explain the beginning of affirmative action. American crosstie for Affirmative Action. (2013, July). American Association for Affirmative Action. Retrieved from American Association for Affirmative Action www.affirmativeaction.orgThe American Association for Affirmative Action is the association of professionals managing affirmative action, twin opportunity, diversity and other human resource programs.This source will be used to explain AAAA and its role in Affirmative Action. Illustrate any current legislative cases that may be happening.What strategies did you use to gather reliable information for your investigate paper?Affirmative action has many policies about race, color, religion, and/or sex. In essence aff irmative action is equal opportunity, not only in a work environment but also admissions. Looking at search results gave way to sub topics. In order to write a streamlined paper a subtopic will be the focus of this paper. The subtopic will need to be relevant and current. When having a relevant and current topic, there must me multiple credible sources to back up the information on that topic. Searching through the University of capital of Arizona Library yielded many positive results on the topic of Fisher vs. the University of Texas. This outcome of this case could change the course of affirmative action when it comes to admission into school. This is a historic case of todays time, similar to many landmark cases from the civil rights movements of the 1960s. The sources that are to be used will be from peer reviewed articles or websites that are the authority on this topic.What other strategies might you use? Provide a rationale for your choices.Other strategies that will be used through this paper will include a devils advocate approach. When talking about affirmative action there are two groups, those in favor and those against. The address of this essay is to explain the reasons behind both groups arguments and allow the reader to make their own decision. All information will be relevant data. The question that will need to be answered is affirmative action still needed today? By illustrating both viewpoints the reader should have enough base information to research more. Once they have research more on their own they will be able to formulate an answer. This essay will give the reader a start of materials to research, and may have those asking questions never before thought of. The word count associated with this essay does not allow the author to get as well far into detail on such a vast topic.

Identifying terms Essay Example for Free

Identifying terms Essay onerousness The definition of oppression is broad as it encompasses many an(prenominal) subgroups but according to Hurtado (1989), oppression is caused by orders view that custody, both etiolated and of color, be more powerful then women. Oppression is not classified only by gender differences but other societal groups as well. Gender is only one category of many, such as, melt down and ethnicity. Social class is another category is which the wealthy have oppressed the poor.An example of this would be the opportunities for wealthy Americans to afford housing and health insurance and the melodic phrase opportunities afforded them. Many women of color, African American, Asian, and Hispanic are found to be working in low wage jobs more often then white women. The minorities are unable to receive the same educational and financial benefits as the majority and so they must settle for less. Economic differences can be found amongst white men and white o r colored women, colored men and colored women, and white women and women of color.This difference represents the contrastive levels of oppression, with white men be the sack up oppressors. In todays society, most oppression is seen in social class. As the wealthy are getting richer, the poor are getting poorer and the snapper class is slowly being wiped out. Therefore the poor are at the mercy of the rich. Beyond Bean Counting The United States has become obsessed with come aparting society into subgroups, causing each group to have a stereotypical value. lee(prenominal) (2001) wrote of her psycheal experience with her growth and understanding of feminism.Bean counting is considered the attempt to classify people according to class, gender, ethnicity or sexual orientation (2001). Bean counting is marginalization, considering certain societal groups as insufficient or as being restrict as to their abilities. Women, and especially women of color, have been marginalized throu ghout history, by being considered the fairer sex. Different ethnic groups have excluded one another by not recognizing their similarities and accepting their differences.Lee (2001) explains that by bean counting women are causing immobilization and narrow thinking. Seduction and Rejection White men are socialized into believing women are inferior, and they are also taught that white women, though inferior, are an appropriate choice for relationships (Hurtado, 1989). This socialization causes the oppression of women especially women of color because they are seen as a discrepancy from the norm and they are then excluded from the many rights given to those who fit the norm.White men and women tend to have a better chance at a good education, financial assistance etc. however colored men and women do not share the same good fortune, they are rejected from the benefits that white men or women can receive. heterosexualism as a Modern Invention Lorber (1992) explains in her article th at women and men were not seen as biologically different pre-eighteenth century and once that difference was established women began to suffer gender inequalities.Society has become two classes men and women, which has created gender stereotypes of each. Todays society compares women to the abilities of men because society sees women as so biologically different than man and thus inferior. Heterosexuality categorizes men and women as seen as the norm. Compulsory Heterosexuality Compulsory heterosexuality is the assumption that men and women are naturally attracted to one another and to defy the norm is deviant behavior. Lee (2001) describes this norm as excluding many other groups in society.As Lorber (1992) explains, society has created social differences between men and women and with that, ideals which consider heterosexuality to be the right way. This has caused homosexual individuals to be discriminated against. Any person not practicing the norm is considered wrong and therefo re has fewer rights than others.Homosexual or bisexual women are forced to compete not only with men being superior, but also heterosexual women. Women of color are in even fiercer competition for their rights, as they are seen as in society as inferior to white women, heterosexual women, men of color and heterosexual men.

Twisted Hot Yogas target market Market Opportunity

misrepresented heatable Yogas head commercialize Market OpportunityTwisted Hot Yoga does not have any direct competition in the location of Aspen Estates and therefore there is the opportunity to target the higher income level consumers ring that ara. Due to only when having one recreation centre near aspen estates in a continuously growing community, Twisted Hot Yoga can give access code to their healthy certain consumers a radical hot yoga studio fulfilling many of the new seaworthiness conscious trends. This particular area of the city, the southerly air jacket quadrant, is soon in the process of expansion. at that place are many communities contact Aspen Woods that are being developed. Up to this date, there are no hot yoga studios in the surrounding area of Aspen Woods.Target MarketTwisted Hot Yogas target merchandise can be localised as higher income health conscious consumers. More specifically, women between the ages of 20 and 34 that live in the South West p art of Calgary at bottom and surrounding the new communities of Aspen Woods. This specific target market takes pride in healthy busy lifestyles and belongs in an active community (Environics analytics, 2010).Market SizeBased on a 2008 Yoga in America study, it was put up that Americans spend 5.7 billion dollars a year on yoga classes and results, including equipment, clothing, vacations and media (DVDs, videos, books and magazines), showing an 87% increase since the previous study in 2004 (Yogajournal.com, 2010). The study alike found that 6.9% of US adults or 15.8 million people practice yoga and out of those who do not, the study found that 8% or 18.3 million Americans said they were very or highly interested in yoga (Yogajournal, 2010). The selective information that was collected on age, gender and other demographic ciphers showed that out of all the yoga practitioners, 72.2% are women, 27.8% are men, 40.6% are 18 to 34 years old 41% are 35 to 54 and 18.4% are over 55 (Yo gajournal.com, 2010). The study concluded that al most(prenominal) half of these current practitioners started doing yoga to cleanse their overall health.Market Trends and Opportunities that are EmergingBikram Yoga fit to CTV news in 2002, hot yoga which is also known as Bikram, was a raging trend across Canada as well as the hottest trend in exercise (2010).Holistic Fitness Fitness trends in the near future are said to be taking a customized come near to the particular needs and lifestyles of individuals (Euromonitor, 2010). Holistic fitness, throng sweat sesh, and get fit quick are the leading future fitness trends somewhat the globe (Euromonitor, 2010). Todays research shows a shift from hitting the gym to attain the ideal body to now a to a greater extent holistic approach to healthy brio. The holistic approach is discussed as reaping the benefits of exercise (Yogajournal.com, 2010). People nowadays are more concerned with getting back into shape somatogeneticly, mental ly, emotionally and spiritually. According to Euromonitor international, the market for healthy lifestyles is much greater due to the increase in obesity rates (Euromonitor, 2010). This trend is adapting to the 21st century consumers that have busy lifestyles regarding work, family, and kind life demands. A German company that specializes in holistic therapy stated that it supports individuals to find personal balance, to relax our mind, and to experience several(prenominal)thing that is beyond thoughts, analysis, nidus and separation (Euromonitor, 2010). A US trends forecaster has predicted in a trends journal that Whole Health Healing go forth become very popular and part of the public awareness by 2011. Services, products and practitioners furthering a holistic approach will be the cutting edge of a trend that will grow for decades (Euromonintor, 2010).Group Sweat Sesh The group sweat sesh trend is moving away from personal trainers, exclusive spas, and home fitness training as the craze is said to soon lose some of its appeal. Keeping up with healthy trends and check-out procedureing fit is nowadays said to be a group effort (Euromonitor, 2010). Having groups of people being trained by an instructor is said to be a perfect fit with the demand for a more budget friendly, more social and fun exercise culture (Euromonitor, 2010). energize Fit Quick Consumers these days want to get fit quick and see results faster. The continuing trend of body-conscious consumers and what is called the busy-busy society will still be feel for quick fixes, meaning quicker ways to get fit faster (Euromonitor, 2010).Going green Twisted Hot Yoga will be opening up a Bikram yoga studio that will use all economically friendly products such as bamboo floors and clay walls. The trend of going green is an important compute when opening up a hot yoga studio and therefore, Twisted Hot Yoga will be able to offer its consumers a natural environment as well as greater awareness to keep the community a better place.Use of Yoga as Medical Therapy Doctors and therapists now often recommend yoga as medical therapy. Yoga as medicine represents the next great yoga wave (yogajournal.com, 2010). A 2008 study found that in the next few years, we will be see a lot more yoga in health care settings and more yoga recommended by the medical community as new research shows that yoga is a valuable therapeutic tool for many health conditions (yogajournal.com, 2010).Demographic AnalysisThe above chart represents the percentage of women between the ages of 20-34 living in the surrounding neighborhoods of Aspen Woods. Using data collected from the GIS mapping (see appendix), West Springs has the greatest percentage in comparison to the other areas in the South West. West Springs is currently in the process of developping 96 residential homes, six buildings consisting of a total of 300 apartments and 55,000 square feet of commercial space which gives Twisted Hot Yoga the oppor tunity to expand their business and their target market in the future (Jomaa, personal communication, 2010).Twisted Hot Yoga will revolve around on two customer groups Upper Income Cosmopolitan Elite and Middle Income suburban Gentry.Demographic and Psychographic AnalysisUpper Income Cosmopolitan EliteAge20-34 switch on80% female, 30% maleHealth/modus vivendiCanadas wealthiest lifestyle, fitness-minded Canadians who belong to health clubs, exercising at home, enjoy pilates, yoga and cross-country skiing. This group is very active in the community, volunteering on community projects and making various donations. (Environics analytics, 2010)Twisted Hot Yogas Selling bloomConvenient location, close to the new developing areas, can be attended at any hours during the day, flexible hoursMiddle Income Suburban GentryAge20-34Sex80% female, 30% maleHealth/LifestyleCanadas up and coming business class, spenders, fitness conscious, much more likely than average Canadians to jog, take aerob ic exercise classes, play racquet sports and basketball. Many of these individuals take pride in their healthy lifestyles. (Environics analytics, 2010)Twisted Hot Yogas Selling PointCan be attended in advance or after work, close to new developing areas, relieve stress after work and relaxing the mind and bodyTwisted Hot Yogas target markets enjoy living healthy lifestyles and have higher disposable income. According to Statistics Canada, individuals in higher income groups are more likely to engage in physical activity during their leisure sequence (2010).Geographic AnalysisDistance from surrounding communities to Aspen set down (Twisted Hot Yoga)Aspen Woods1.2 km2 minsStrathcona Park2.9 kn4 mins signal Hill3.6 km6 minsChristie Park3.1 km5 minsPatterson5.0 km8 minsCoach Hill4.5 km6 minsSpringbank Hill2.2 km4 mins husking Ridge5.9 km12 minsWest Springs2.6 km5 minsTwisted Hot Yoga targets the surrounding communities of Aspen Woods. The distance from the surrounding communities to the studio is an important factor as Twisted Hot Yoga promotes going green and saving the community. Health conscious consumers can actively participate in going green by not having to drive to the studio.LocationBased on Twisted Hot Yogas target market, the selected location for Twisted Hot Yogas studio will be in the new developed area of Aspen Woods. This area is called Aspen Landing shopping center and is located on the corner of 17th avenue and 85th street SW. Aspen Landing consists of 175,000 square feet of retail space and 40,000 square feet of premium second floor office space and serves the dominant community shopping centre in West Calgary (Aspenlanding, 2010). Aspen Woods community social statistics shows that in 2009, total population in that area was 2,830, indicating a 454.9% change since 2005 (metropolis of Calgary, 2010). Based on the following statistics, Twisted Hot Yoga is targeting a continuously growing community. Aspen Woods is said to be one of Calgarys most d esirable Estate communities to live in (Calgary Real Estate, 2010).CompetitionThere are currently no other Bikram yoga studios in the neighborhood of Aspen Woods. Twisted Hot Yoga has the opportunity to provide the new and surrounding communities within that specific South West area, a studio that is of short distance from each area.TrendsAspen Woods has been described to be a unique community that offers prestigious shopping within walking distance. There is a variety of stores that offer a wide range of operates and products (Calgary Real Estate, 2010). Calgary Real Estate describes Aspen Woods as living in the inner city and surrounded by a prestigious community of estate homes and condos (2010). David Parker wrote an article in the Calgary Herald July 1, 2010 in congeneric to the Strong community at Aspen Landing (2010). A man by the name of Scarcello was hired by the Vancouver - found land owner, Springbank Land Company to design an upscale urban village style retail centre to bring trendy 17th avenue, Kensington and 4th street to the suburbs (Parker, 2010). The article states that the centre was designed to provide the surrounding estate style communities a place to congregate as well as to dine and shop (Parker, 2010). It was also said that this center provides a sweet pedestrian area without the usual big parking lots as well as the boardwalk which is designed for visitors to be able to enjoy what they call a bandstand-public space overlooking the water (Parker, 2010). The trendy eating places in Aspen Landing have become very popular. Some of these include Broken Plate, Wok Wok, Thai Tai, and the very tempting Crave Cupcakes (Parker, 2010). ). Aspen Landings unique village concept centre is designed to create an intimate atmosphere with an emphasis on charm (Aspenlading, 2010).Rent legal injury and SizeThrough personal communication with a West Springs Landing commercial developer, rent price for Twisted Hot Yoga will be based on square leg ita ge. The average rent price for the South West Area is going for approximately 30 to 35 dollars a square foot (Jomaa, personal communication, 2010). Through further research on available commercial space, each available component part is between 2,500-5,000 sq ft. Twisted Hot Yoga would need around 2,500 square feet in order to provide customers with a large enough yoga room.(Calgary Real Estate, 2010)Read more http//www.calgaryherald.com/business/Strong+community+Aspen+Landing/3223205/story.htmlixzz136PUSBWBhttp//aspenlanding.ca/?page_id=2http//www.hotyogastudiodesign.com/where_to_start.phpMany studios begin with an initial phone consutation. To get the most out of your copnversation with Chad, have as much information available near your site as possible. For instance, have you signed your lease? Is the power gas or electric? What is the square footage? What kind of plumbing already exists in the space (bathrooms, etc)? This initial communication will familiarize Chad with the e xtent of your studios needs and direct to you the next step. In certain situations, a site visit is set up at this time for Chad to see the space first hand.SUPPLIEShttp//www.calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_104_0_0_35/http/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City%20Hall/Business%20Units/Community%20and%20Neighbourhood%20Services/ friendly%20Research%20Policy%20and%20Resources/Community%20Profiles/Community%20Profiles.htmhttp//www.calgarycommunities.com/communities/strathcona_christie.phpAspen Hills Maphttp//www.carma.ca/us/OurCommunities/Calgary//media/Communities%20Maps/aspenhills%20map.ashxAspen Landinghttp//aspenwoodscalgaryrealestate.com/about/aspen-landing/TRENDY HERALDhttp//www.calgaryherald.com/business/Strong+community+Aspen+Landing/3223205/story.htmlAspen Woods$ 376,445Strathcona Park$ 175,108Signal Hill$ 132,380Coach Hill$ 151,475Patterson$ 155,330Christie Park$ 198,427Springbank Hill$ 177,248Discovery Ridge$ 194,226West Springs$ 144,067Aspen Woods0.1584Strathcona Park0. 1184Signal Hill0.1399Coach Hill0.1989Patterson0.1756Christie Park0.0826Springbank Hill0.2031Discovery Ridge0.1804West Springs0.2566Yoga is not only about teaching yoga its about going above and beyond and making a difference in the community.Market SegmentationTwisted Yoga will focus on four types of customer groupsUpper Income Cosmopolitan Elite This group is the core separate of .. Their demographic and psychographic characteristics are the followingAgesSexFamily IncomeHealth/Lifestyle Canadas wealthiest lifestyle, fitness-minded Canadians who belong to health clubs, workout at home, enjoy pilates, yoga and cross-country skiing. This group is very active in the community, volunteering on community projects and making various donations.Social PatternTwisted Yogas cheating pointMiddle Income Suburban GentryHealth/Lifestyle Canadas up and coming business class, fitness conscious, much more likely than average Canadians to jog, take aerobics classes, play racquet sports and basketba ll. Many of these individuals take pride in their healthy lifestyles.Urban Downscale Canadian spenders, stay fit doing pilates and yoga.According to CTV news in 2002, hot yoga also known as Bikram was a raging trend across Canada as well as the hottest trend in exercise (2010).The study, which analyzed data from the 2005Canadian Community Health Survey, found that age, sex and level of income were among the factors that influenced an individuals level of physical activity.According to Statistics Canada, individuals in higher income groups were more likely to engage in physical activity during their leisure time.With new government initiatives of going green, Twisted Yoga provides not only classes to consumers, but also goes above and beyond to help make a difference in the community.GeographicDemographicPsychographicMiddle Income Urban Professionals This group is the core segment of potential students of GWYC. Their demographic characteristics are the followingAges 26-40.Sex 30% mal e, 70% female.Family Income $30,000-$50,000.Health/Lifestyle Issues Active individuals that are focused on healthy victuals and dieting. Over 70% of this group are members of gyms. Approximately, 40% of potential customers have taken yoga classes before.Social Pattern Will more likely attend as part of group.Centers selling pointClose to work. The session lowers stress. Can be attended with workmates as group activity.Upper Income The upper income customer is a unessential target group. Their demographic characteristics are the followingAges 40-60.Sex 30% male, 70% female.Family Income $60,000+.Health/Lifestyle Issues Active individuals that are focused on healthy fare and dieting. Over 90% of this group are members of gyms.Social Pattern Will more likely attend alone.Centers selling pointClose to work. The session lowers stressRead more http//www.b send offs.com/yoga_center_business_plan/market_analysis_summary_fc.cfmixzz12jE7sIS6http//www.yogajournal.com/for_teachers/983?page=3 http//www.yogaintheworkplace.ca/2005/01/statistics-canada-released-canadian.htmlThe percentage of adults, age 20 to 39, at risk for health problems because of expanding waistlines has quadrupled in the last 30 years, from 5% to 21% for men, and from 6% to 31% in women.Between1981and2009, fitness levels of Canadian children and youth, as well as those of adults, declined significantly, according to the first findings from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). This is the most comprehensive national survey ever conducted in Canada to determine fitness levels.The CHMS captured key information relevant to the health of Canadians by means of direct physical measurements, such as body measurements, cardio-respiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitneTarget MarketHow old are they?What gender are they?Where do they live?What is their family structure (number of children, extended family, etc.)?What is their income?What do they do for a living?What is their lifestyle like?How do they like to spend their spare time?What motivates them?What is the size of your target market? only when dont gunpoint here when youre writing a business plan. To define your target market, you need to ask the specific questions that are directly related to your products or services. For instance, if you plan to sell computer-related services, you need to know things such as how many computers your prospective customer owns. If you plan on selling garden furniture and accessories, you need to know what kinds of garden furniture or accessories your potential customers have bought in the past, and how often.Projections About The Target MarketWhat proportion of your target market has used a product like to yours before?How much of your product or service efficacy your target market buy? (Estimate this in gross sales and/or in units of product/service sold.)What proportion of your target market skill be repeat customers?How magnate your target market be affected by demographic shifts?How m ight your target market be affected by economic events (e.g. a local mill closing or a big-box retailer opening locally)?How might your target market be affected by larger socioeconomic trends?How might your target market be affected by government policies (e.g. new bylaws or changes in taxes)?Writing the Market Analysis Section of the Business PlanOnce you have all this information, youll write the Market Analysis in the form of several short paragraphs. Use appropriate headings for each paragraph. If you have several target markets, you whitethorn want to number each. (See the sidebar for a sample of this section of the business plan, from the Royal Bank.)Remember to properly cite your sources of information within the body of your Market Analysis as you write it. You and other readers of your business plan will need to know the sources of the statistics or opinions that youve gathered from others.The How to Write a Business Plan instructions continue on the next page are tips for researching the market analysis section of the business plan, including sources for Canadian information.Online Market Research SourcesWhen youre researching the Market Analysis section of the business plan, Statistics Canada is an nice place to start your market research. Their Community Profiles offer free information about all Canadian communities. Here youll find information such as Earnings and Work statistics, handily presented for easy comparison between the community and the province its located in.You may also want to take a look at Statistic Canadas Studies section you might find one thats relevant to your market research.In Doing Industry Research When Writing a Business Plan, I wrote about several other excellent online sources of information for researching the business plan, such as provincial and territorial statistics offices and Canadian Economy Online, which may also be useful when youre researching the Market Analysis.GDSourcing Research Retrievals Canadian Ma rket Resources is a must-visit page when youre researching online it lists free and low-cost sources of demographic and psychographic data geared to small businesses.Offline Market Research SourcesBut there are also a great many local resources for information about your target market that youll want to explore. Besides the local library, the local Chamber of Commerce, Board of Trade, City Hall, Economic Development Centre, local government agents office, provincial business ministry, local phone book and yellow pages will all have information that will help you define your target market and provide insights into trends.Doing Your Own Market ResearchThese are all secondary sources of information (Others have conducted the research and compiled the information.) You may also want to conduct your own market research (use primary data). For instance, you might want to design a questionnaire and survey your target market to demand more about their habits and preferences relating to you r product or service. My article, Do-It-Yourself Market Research, explains the basics of market research and gives tips for sampling and accessing your target market.Does all this sound time-consuming? It is. But it needs to be done if your business plan is going to have any validity. You can have the most fantastic product or service in the world, but if no ones interested in buying it, it will just gather dust. If you dont have the time or the research skills to thoroughly define your target market yourself, hiring a person or firm to do the market research for you can be a wise investment.Statistics Canadahttp//sbinfocanada.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJzTi=1sdn=sbinfocanadacdn=moneytm=38gps=347_226_1259_621f=00su=p284.9.336.ip_p649.3.336.ip_tt=2bt=1bts=1zu=http%3A//cansim2.statcan.ca/cgi-win/cnsmcgi.exe%3FLang%3DE%26AS_Action%3DFind%26ResultTemplate%3DStudies/StudiesHome1%26AS_Univ%3D1Statistics Canada, Higher income individualshttp//sbinfocanada.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJzTi=1sdn=s binfocanadacdn=moneytm=38gps=347_226_1259_621f=00su=p284.9.336.ip_p649.3.336.ip_tt=2bt=1bts=1zu=http%3A//cansim2.statcan.ca/cgi-win/cnsmcgi.exe%3FLang%3DE%26AS_Action%3DFind%26ResultTemplate%3DStudies/StudiesHome1%26AS_Univ%3D1

Multivariate Multilevel Modeling

Multivariate Multi take castingLiterature ReviewThis chapter secure up the various similar studies related to modeling responses vari adaptedly in a multi train frame work. As a start, this chapter begins by laying come forth the late history of univariate techniques for analyzing mat entropy in a multilevel context. Then it gradually presents the books available on foregatherting variable multilevel models for monotonous and continuous data. More over this chapter check intos the evidence for imputing miss set for partially observed multivariate multilevel data sets.The Nature of Multivariate multilevel modelsA multivariate multilevel model potty be considered as a collection of multiple dependent variables in a hierarchical personality. Though the multivariate analysis increases the complexity in a multilevel context, it is an essential tool which facilitates to carry out a single demonstrate of the joint effects of nigh explanatory variables on some(prenominal) dependent variables (Snijders Bosker (2000). These models sacrifice the power of increasing the construct validity of the analysis for complex concepts in the real world. Consider a study on school effectiveness which can be measured on trinity different output variables math achievement, reading proficiency and benefit at school. These data be collected on students those who are clustered within schools by implying a hierarchical nature. Although it is certainly possible to handle three outcomes separately, it is unable to show the overall picture about school effectiveness. thus multivariate analysis would be more preferable in these types of scenarios since it has the capability of diminish the type 1 mistake and increasing the statistical power (Maeyer, Rymenans, Petegem and Bergh) (Draft).Hierarchical natures of multivariate models are non like as the univariate response models. Let us focus on above example it implies a two level multivariate model. But in reality it has three levels. In this case, the measurements are the level 1 units, the students the level 2 units and the schools the level three units.Importance of Multivariate Multilevel ModelingMultivariate multilevel data structures may itself present a greater complexity as it leads to focus the multilevel effects together with the multivariate context. Therefore the traditional statistical techniques would fail to face these kinds of areas since it can come the statistical efficiency by producing overestimated measuring stick errors. On the other(a) hand violation of independence assumption may cause to beneath estimate the standard errors of retroflexion coefficients. Therefore multivariate multilevel approaches play an important role to get rid of these kinds of situations by allowing variation at different levels to be estimated. moreover Goldstein (1999) has shown that clustering provides accurate standard errors, confidence intervals and significance tests.Some amount of arti cles go for been published on multilevel modeling establish on a single response context. Multivariate multilevel concept comes into the field of statistics during the past few years. When people want to identify the effect of set of explanatory variables on a set of dependent variables and by considering these effects separately on response variables, then if it shows a considerable difference among those effects then it can be handled only by means of a multivariate analysis (Snijders Bosker, 2000).Software for Multivariate Multilevel ModelingIn the past decades, due to the inaccessibility of the software for fitting multivariate multilevel data some researchers tend to use manual systems such as EM Algorithm (Kang et al., 1991). As a result of developing the technical environment, the software such as STATA, SAS and S plus are emerged in to the Statistical field by providing facilitates to handle the multilevel data. But none of those packages have a capability of fitting mult ivariate multilevel data. still on that point is evidence in the literature that nonlinear multivariate multilevel model can be fitted victimisation packages such as GLLAMM (Rabe-Hesketh, Pickles and Skrondal, 2001) and aML (Lillard and Panis, 2000). But it was not flexible to handle this software.Therefore MlwiN software which has become the under maturation since late 1980s was modified at the University of Bristol in UK in order to fulfill that requirement. However, the use of MlwiN for fitting multivariate multilevel models has been challenged by Goldstein, work and mug (2014) who concluded that MlwiN was useful if only when fitting the model without imputing for the missing values. However REALCOM software was then came into the field of Statistics and provided the flexibility to impute the missing values in the MLwiN environment.MLwiN is a modified version of DOS MLn program which uses a command driven interface. MLwiN provides flexibility to fitting very bountiful and c omplex models utilize both frequentist and Bayesian estimation along with the missing value imputation in a user friendly interface. Some particular advanced features which are not available in the other packages are included in this software.Univariate Multilevel Modeling vs. Multivariate Multilevel ModelingIn general, data are ofttimes collected on multiple correlated outcomes. One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years is modeling the association surrounded by risk factors and each outcome in a separate model. It may cause to statistically inefficient since it ignores outcome correlations and common predictor effects (Oman, Kamal and Ambler) (unpublished)Therefore most of the researches tend to include all related outcomes in a single regression model within a multivariate outcome model rather than univariate. Recently investigators have examined the comparison between Univariate and Multivariate outcomes and they have proven that Multivariate mode ls would be preferable than several univariate models. agree to the Griffiths, Brown and metalworker (2004), they conducted a study to compare univariate and multivariate multilevel models for repeated measures of use of antenatal care in Uttar Pradesh, India. In here, they examined many factors which may have a relationship to the mothers decision to use ante-natal care services for a particular pregnancy. For that they compared Univariate multilevel logistic regression model vs. Multivariate multilevel logistic regression model. However as a result of fitting univariate models, model assumptions became violated and couldnt get stable parameter estimates. Therefore they preferable the multivariate context rather than the univariate context after performing the analysis.Generalized Cochran blanket Haenzel Tests for Checking Association of Multilevel Categorical Data.The history of arising the concepts related to Generalized Cochran Mantel Haenzel was streaming to the late 1950s. C ochran (1958), one of a great Statistician has firstly introduced a test to identify the independence of multiple 2 2 tables by extending the general chi-square test for independence of a single 2-way table. In here, the each table consists of one or two additional variables for exalteder levels to detect the multilevel nature. The test statistic is based on the row totals of each table. The assumption behind is that the cell counts have binomial distribution.As an extension to Cochrans work, Mantel and Haenzel (1959) drawn-out the Cochrans test statistic for both row and column totals by assuming the cell counts of each table follows a hypergeommetric distribution. Since Cochran Mantel Hanzel (CMH) statistic has a major confinement on binary data, Landis et al (1978) generalized this test into handle more than two levels. However there is a major drawback of the Generalized Cochran Mantel Haenzel (GCMH) test. This test was unable to handle clustered correlated categorical data. Liang (1985) was proposed a test statistic for get rid of this problem. However that test statistic itself had major problems and it was fail to use.As development of the statistics field, a need for a test statistic capable of handling correlated data and variables with higher levels arouse. Zhang and Boos (1995) coming in to the field and introduced three test statistics TEL TP and TU as a solution to the above problems. However among these three test statistics TP and TU are preferred to TEL since these two use the individual subjects as the primary sampling units plot of ground TEL use the strata as the primary sampling unit (De Silva and Sooriyarachchi, 2012).Furthermore, by a simulation study TP shows better performance than TE by maintaining its error values even when the strata are small and it uses the pooled estimators for variance. Therefore it provides a guideline to select TP as the most suitable statistic to perform this study. De Silva and Sooriyarachchi (2012) deve loped a R program to carry out this test. missing Value Imputation in Multivariate Multilevel FrameworkThe problem of having missing values is often arising in real world datasets. However it contains little or no information about the missing data mechanism (MDM). Therefore modeling incomplete data is a very difficult task and may provide bias results. Therefore this major problem address to a need of a beseeming mechanism to check the missingness. As a solution to that, Rubin (1976) presented three possible ways of arising misingness. These are classified as Missing At Random (MAR), Missing Completely At Random (MCAR) and Missing Not At Random (MNAR). According to the Sterne et. Al (2009), missing value imputation is necessary under the assumption of missing at haphazard. However, it can also be done under the case missing complete at random. On nowadays most statistical packages have the capability of identifying the type of missingness.After identifying the type of missingness , the missing value imputation comes into the field and it requires a statistical package to perform this. Since the missing value imputation in a hierarchical nature is little bit more advanced and it cannot be done using usual statistical packages such as SPSS, SAS and R etcetera Therefore Carpenter et. al (2009), developed the REALCOM software to perform this task. However latter version of REALCOM was not deal with multilevel data in a multivariate context. Therefore the larges related to perform this task was recently developed by the Bristol University team in order to facilitate under this case.Estimation useThe estimation procedures for multilevel modeling are starting late 1980s. However For parameter estimation using Maximum Likeli kindling Method, an iterative procedure called EM algorithm was used by early statisticians (Raudenbush, Rowan and Kang, 1991). Later on the program HLM was developed to perform this algorithm.The most operational procedures for estimating mu ltivariate multilevel models in the presence of Normal responses are Iterative Generalized Least Squares (IGLS), Reweighted IGLS (RIGLS) and Marginal Quasi Likelihood (MQL) while for discrete responses are MQL and Penalized Quasi Likelihood (PQL). According to Rasbash, Steele, Browne and Goldstein (2004) all of these methods are implemented in MLwiN along with including first order or second order Taylor Series expansions. However since these methods are likelihood based frequentist methods they tend to overestimate the precision.Therefore more recently the methods which are implemented in a Bayesian framework using Marcov Chain three-card monte Carlo methods (Brooks, 1998) also used for parameter estimation which allows capability to use informative prior distributions. These MCMC estimates executed in MLwiN provides consistent estimates though they require a large number of simulations to control of having highly correlated chains.Previous researches conducted using Univariate an d Multivariate Multilevel ModelsUnivariate multilevel logit modelsBefore take a look at to the literature on multivariate multilevel analysis, the literature of univariate multilevel analysis is also be necessary to concerned since this thesis is based on some univariate multilevel models prior to fit multivariate multilevel models.In the past decades, many social Scientists used to apply multilevel models for binay data. Therefore it is very important to review how they have implemented their work with less technology. As a aim of that, Guo and Zhao (2000) was able to do a review of the methodologies, hypothesis testing and hierarchical nature of the data involve of past literature. Also they conducted two examples for justify their results. First of all they made a comparison between estimates obtained from MQL and PQL methods which was implemented by MLn and the GLIMMIX method implemented by SAS by using examples. They have shown that the differences in PQL 1 and PQL 2 are small when fitting binary logistic models. Furthermore, they have shown that PQL- 1 and PQL-2 and GLIMMIX are probable to be satisfactory for most of the past studies undertaken in social sciences.Noortgate, Boeck and Meulders (2003) uses multilevel binary logit models for the purpose of analyzing Item Response Theory (IRT) models. For that they carried out an assessment of the nine achievement targets for reading comprehension of students in primary schools in Belgium. They performed a multilevel analyses using the cross-classified logistic multilevel models and used the GLIMMIX macro from SAS, as well as the MLwiN software. However they found that there were some convergence problems arisen by using PQL methods in MLwiN. Therefore they used SAS to carryout analysis. Furthermore they have shown that the cross-classification multilevel logistic model is a very flexible to handle IRT data and the parameters can still be estimated even with the presence of wild data.Multivariate Multilevel ModelsIn the past two decades a very few of researches have sought to fit the multivariate multilevel models to the real world scenarios. Among those also all most all the researches trying to focus basically in reproductional sectors as well as socio economic sectors. None of them were able to focus these into the medical scenarios. However lack of multivariate multilevel analysis which presents in the field of health and medical sciences this chapter consists of the literatures of multivariate multilevel models in other fields.According to the previous studies of education, Xin Ma (2001) examined the association between the academic achievements and the background of students in Canada by considering three levels of interest. For that the three level Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) was developed in order to achieve his goals. This work allows him to draw the conclusions that both students and schools were differentially successful in different subject areas and it was more obvio us among students than among schools. However the success of this study is based on some strong assumptions about the priors of students cognitive skills.Exclusive of the field of education Raudenbush, Johnson and Sampson (2003) carried out a study in Chicago to determine the criminal behavior at person level as well as at neighborhood level with respect to some personal characteristics. For this purpose they use a Rasch model with random effects by assuming conditional independence along with the additives.Moreover, Yang, Goldstein, Browne and Woodhouse (2002) developed a multivariate multilevel analysis of analyzing examination results via a series of models of increasing complexity. They used examination results of two mathematics examinations in England in 1997 and analyzed them at individual and institutional level with respect to some students features. By starting from a simpler model of multivariate normality without considering the institutional random effects, they gradual ly increased the complexity of the model by adding institutional levels together with the multivariate responses. When closely looked at, there work shows that the choice of subject is strongly associated with the performance.along with this growth of applications of multivariate multilevel models, researches may tend to apply those in to the other fields such as Forestry etc. Hall and Clutter (2004) presented a study regarding modeling the growth and yield in forestry based on the slash pine in U.S.A. In their work, they developed a methodology to fit nonlinear mixed effect model in a multivariate multilevel frame work in order to identify the effects of the several plot-level timber quantity characteristics for the yield of timber volume.In addition to that they also developed a methodology to produce predictions and prediction intervals from those models. Then by using their developments they have predicted timber growth and yield at the plot individual and population level.Grill i and Rampichini (2003) carried out a study to model ordinal response variables harmonise to the students rating data which were obtained from a survey of course quality carried out by the University of Florence in 2000-2001 academic years. For that they developed an alternative specification to the multivariate multilevel probit ordinal response models by relying on the fact that responses may be viewed as an additional dummy bottom level variable. However they not all the same assess the efficiency of that method since they were not implemented it using standard software.When considering the evidences of the recent applications of these models the literature shows that Goldstein and Kounali (2009) recently conducted a study on child hood growth with respect to the collection of growth measurements and adult characteristics. For that they extended the latent normal model for multilevel data with mixed response types to the ordinal categorical responses with having multiple catego ries for covariates. Since data consists of counts they gradually developed the model by starting a model with assuming a Poison distribution. However since the data are not follow exactly a Poisson distribution they treated the counts as an ordered categories to get rid of that problem.Frank, Cerda and Rendon (2007) did a study to identify whether the residential post have an impact to the health risk behaviors of Latino immigrants as they are increasing substantially in every year. For that they used a Multivariate Multilevel Rasch model for the data obtained by Los Angelis family and neighborhood survey based on two indices of health risk behaviors along with their use of drugs and participation for risk based activities. They starting this attempt by modeling the behavior of adolescents as a function of the characteristics related to both individual and neighborhood .According to the study they found that there is an association between increased health risk behaviors with the above country average levels of Latinos and poverty particularly for those who born in U.S.A.Another application of multivariate multilevel models was carried out Subramanian, Kim and Kawachi (2005) in U.S.A. Their main aim was to identify the individual and community level factors for the health and happiness of individuals. For that they performed a multivariate multilevel regression analysis on the data obtained by a survey which was held on 2000. Their findings reflect that those who have poor health and unhappiness have a high relationship with the individual level covariatesBy looking at the available literature, it can be seen that there are some amount of studies conducted on education and social sciences in other countries but none of the studies conducted regarding health and medical sciences. Therefore it is essential to perform a study by analyzing the mortality rank of some killing diseases which are spread in worldwide to understand risk factors and patterns associate d with these diseases in order to provide better insights about the disease to the exoteric as well as to the responsibly policy makers.

Procedure of Performing Ankle Brachial Pressure Index

Procedure of Performing Ankle Brachial Pressure IndexDescriptionI accompanied the District Nursing Team on placement to a Doppler Clinic for longanimouss referred by their GPs to be assessed for compression bandages. I was talked through the procedure of performing Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI), which required the hobby equipments Hand-held Doppler ultrasound machine 8 MHz probe (5 MHz probe if required for large or oedematous limbs) ultrasound transducer gel sphygmomanometer and handlock and bewilder film/vapour-permeable film dressing or equivalent.I was then asked to carry out the task with an other(a) nurse. I washed my hands, put on my gloves and apron. I raised the bed to my level so I could reach him. Seeking her consent, I asked the patient to remove any tight articles of clothing, which may cause push on the declension vessels proximal to the site where the blood pressure is being measured.I measured the brachial systolic blood pressure by selecting a sphygmoman ometer cuff of an appropriate size and wrapped it around the patients upper arm just above the elbow. I palpated the brachial pulse and applied ultrasound gel. I angled the Doppler probe at 45 degrees to the direction of the blood flow (towards the heart) and adjusted the position to locate the best signal. The Doppler emitted an audible signal and inflated the sphygmomanometer cuff until the signal disappeared. I then deflated the cuff slowly and recorded the pressure at which the signal returned. I repeated this procedure using the patients other arm. I continued this procedure in measuring the ankle systolic pressure by palpating the posterior tibial artery and that of either the anterior tibial or peroneal artery. I then used the higher of these two readings to calculate the ABPI using the following equationABPI = highest ankle systolic pressure/highest brachial systolic pressure. I then recorded and explained the results to the patients. I thanked the patient for her cooperatio n.FeelingsDue to the fact that I had never completed a Doppler observation before, I matte up extremely anxious and uneasy. These feelings were made greater as I became more aware of being judged not only by my mentor and other nurses just now also by the patients most of whom came with their spouses. I felt the pressure more as there were other patients waiting to be seen and taking up in like manner much time may delay them. In spite of these, I preserved and completed the task.EvaluationThroughout this procedure I really grueling and made sure no interruptions took place as I can miss the sphygmomanometer sounds. I actually couldnt get the maiden sphygmomanometer sounds on my first attempt so I explained to the patient and gained permission again to take the recording to which she agreed, I felt self-conscious and nervous as I had baffled the first sphygmomanometer sounds but very pleased when I did manage to get the recording a second time. I feel I have gained a learning skill. The more Doppler recordings I took made me soon realised that no two patients were the same. I also learned that different factors can affect blood pressure, from the patient rushing in late for his appointment which can lead to elevated blood pressure. It has also given me a lot of confidence in myself as I improved my communication skills.AnalysisAn ABPI is a simple non-invasive method of identifying arterial insufficiency within a limb. It compares the ankle and brachial systolic blood pressures. A slight drop in the blood pressure in the legs can be an indicator of peripheral vascular disease. Peripheral vascular disease refers to blockage of arteries. Basically, as compared to the arms, low blood pressure in the lower part of legs can be an indicator of a serious health. In the management of leg ulcers, the ABPI forms a fundamental part of the assessment. Accurate assessment is necessary to determine the correct aetiology of the ulcer and exclude those patients with arte rial disease for whom compression is dangerous (Stacey et al, 2002).In normal circumstances, the blood pressure in the lower leg area is a bit more than that at the elbow. Where an ABPI is greater than 0.9, it is supposed to be normal and holds no risk of peripheral vascular disease. If the ABPI value is more than 1.3, it is an indicator of severe peripheral vascular disease. If the patient is ineffectual to lie flat, the legs will be elevated to the level of the heart. By elevating the legs, the hydrostatic pressure to the legs is reduced.In order to prevent cross-infection the Doppler probe should be cleaned twice with an intoxicant impregnated wipe prior to its use (Kibria et al, 2002). It should be noted that the ABPI should not be undertaken in isolation, but should be used in conjunction with a holistic assessment, and a medical and clinical examination of the limb.ConclusionThere is controversy about the circumstances in which an ABPI should not be performed, so more look f or is required. It has been suggested that an ABPI should not be performed if the patient has a suspected deep vein thrombosis, because there is a risk of emboli or the patient has cellulitis or because the procedure would be too painful or the patient has severe ischemia or because there is a risk of further tissue damage.Action PlanAs an inexperienced learner, I hope to read more about Doppler and ABPI. I believe having an underpinning knowledge in the procedure for taking Doppler blood pressure helps to conceive the theory behind the practice. I aim to do more at any given opportunity in terms of, patient anxiety unseasonable positioning of the patient incorrect size of sphygmomanometer cuff putting excessive pressure on the blood vessel during the procedure releasing the sphygmomanometer cuff from the patient too quickly prolonging inflation of the sphygmomanometer cuff or repeated inflation and moving the Doppler probe during the procedure.

Opposing Forces in Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness essays

Opposing Forces in Heart of Darkness In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad sets up the opposing forces of disgraceful and white in order to convey the theme that every man has his own heart of darkness that is simply masked by the superficial kindling of civilization. The novella focuses primarily on Charlie Marlows journey into the African Congo, but simultaneously deals with many underlying themes. Marlow understood the basic premises of imperialism, but was unprepared for the knowledge base he encountered while in the wilderness. The world of the African jungle does not abide by the same laws with which Marlow had been raised in civilized Europe. There is an integral savagery in the jungle that Marlow had not previously encountered and therefore for which he was unprepared. This is first apparent when Marlow encounters the shaded death grove early on in his journeys. Marlow witnesses the natives excruciation immensely for what seemed to be nothing - their work seemed for nau ght - but he does not speak up or stop his trek. This is also the first time that the reader gets a glimpse of the underlying oppositions within the text. Marlow glances at one of the dying natives, one with a piece of white European yarn fastened around his neck. In the area that is the O... ...Jan. 1996). Online Internet. 3 October 1998. Available http//www.lawrence.edu/johnson/heart. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. 17th ed. New York Norton, 1988. Levenson, Michael. The Value of Facts in the Heart of Darkness. Nineteenth-Century Fiction 40 (1985)351-80. Rosmarin, Adena. Darkening the lecturer Reader Response Criticism and Heart of Darkness. Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York St. Martins, 1989. Watt, Ian. Conrad in the Nineteenth Century. San Diego U. of atomic number 20 P, 1979. 168-200, 249-53.

? TERROR-ISM ? :: essays research papers

A difference of ideas, opinions is opposition. When attempted to thwart the opposite opinion, and disappointed by living hatful up opposition seeks public sanction as no objective of fight back is come throughd without mass support. Normally In order to achieve public support two different types of methods are adopted.1.This method generally a fight for the societys causes that is unrecognized by existing set up. In order to get the causes recognized peaceful disobedience is observed. Best example, Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela took a step, which was positive revolution, though, uncomfortable for then British regime. Most of their life make jails as their homes self-persecution and sacrifice but momentum of society support was immense as cause was for major percentage of society that created one of the highest revolutions. This method is gun of word and disobedience though is slow yet very effective to interact with masses, inspires masses to support revolt. I call positive revolution.2.On the separate hand negative methods are used to terrorize society in order to gain support are for causes which opposition feels is cause that society should assent and follow. This type of revolt comes into existence when both category accepter and non-accepters comprise the society. Rather support from limited members, which are to be forced on society to follow. accredited sections they choose by inspiring them to join by their teaching and other incentives, this section is normally poor and uneducated class. Terrorizing methods are used to make non-accepters to coincide if not die or leave. In this case major percentage of non-accepters leave the society in fear of terror and opposition gets full support from remaining members of society. Sacrificing and persecuting others achieve this objective. To my opinion this is TERROR-ISM and negative revolution. Who create to achieve objective and gather mass support by terror are terrorists.Intensity of terrorisms an d their activities be in the countries, which have high rate of poverty, high percentage of illiteracy and unemployment. Poor carrys food and clothing, illiterate and unemployed needs source of income and terrorisms need support from deprived mass and people for sourcing income (through illegal sources as legal source is not open for them) to spread campaign. For an unemployed poor legal or illegal employment is no issue his/her issue is food and life. These illegal activities give birth to criminal objects and corruption in the countries. Nearly 60% or more poor live in human world and Asia dominates in this most.