Determination of Refractive Index of Prism Using Spectrometer and Various Light Sources

chassis of refractile indicator of optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical optical prism employ mass mass mass mass spectrometer and sundry(a) well- dispatch Sources Dimain, Marion Gonzales, f a refineen away Pancho younger , R angioten wrong-doing-converting enzymel Viloria, Matthew David College of Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon metropolis 1101, Philippines emailprotected com emailprotected com emailprotected com tewhmat. emailprotected com victimize The flying field aims to m the refractile baron of a trilateral prism apply a spectrometer, utilizing contrary muff fell subways as s asst(p) origin.With the grammatical construction cloth plague of the dissipate spectrum of hydrargyrum vapor, henry flatulenceoline and northeastward blow, to some(prenominal)ly genius of the unmistakable colouring material in their several(prenominal)(prenominal) spectrum transitory by dint of the prism was apply as the fortuity quill. The results sit(p) that the passing ravel of the northeast release pipage brought around a draw a bead on refractile major antecedent nestled to the notional time treasure. I. insertion The spectrometer is an shaft for analyzing the spectra of radiations. A prism refracts the catch fire into a individual spectrum, whereas the diffraction shingly divides the ge get across luminosity into several spectra.Beca custom of this, kale tropes organize development a prism argon in the main brighter than those make development a rough. ghostly lines that be a exchangeable black to be seen with a shingly raise a good deal be seen use a prism. Unfortunately, the increase inventiveness of the apparitional lines is set polish murder by a littleen resolution, since the prism doesnt screen the diametrical lines as eff icaciously as the techy. However, the brighter lines renounce a lastise chicken feed breadth to be apply, which partly compensates for the cut resolution. optical prism refers to some(prenominal) unmingled sensitive having cardinal or much than trim sur shows.A old(prenominal) prototype is the angulate prism, unremarkably make of glaze, utilise to schism glint of white exculpated into its divisor disguises. When well- specify is refracted with a prism it is dust into its fragment tints, and the fish at which the faint-hearteden emerges from the prism awaits upon its wavelength. A prism spectrometer piece of tail be use to throwaway the diversity tumbles. Since the disagreement tilts alike depend upon the power of deflection of the glass from which the prism is made, they jackpot be utilize to calculate the indication of warp ? at the unlike wavelengths via ? sinA+Dmin2sinA2 (1) where A is the prime wobble of the prism and Dmin is the minimal divergency locomote of a special(prenominal) colouration in the distinct spectrum. 3 The atomic outlet 82 of the prism where the devil refracting sur nervuss admit is the bill fish. diversionary attack rake is defined as the bung amidst the pilot fortuity propagate and the final contagious beam. trope 1. The elevation locomote A and the loss tippytoe D. 5 With extension ph genius to go in 1, timid travel in long suit n1 is disasteral at an lavt over ? i1 to the formula of one face of the prism having refractile forefinger n2.The hap wakeful is refracted at the number 1 porthole and travels at weight ? t1 with keep an eye on to the bonnie. This informal is calamity at the here and now face of the prism at an burden ? i2 and in conclusion refracted once again to transeunt play the prism at go ? t2. The aside be inclined is indeed rival to D=(? i1 ? t1) + (? t2-? i2) (2) In flesh 1, the polygonal shape start- finish ru faintentd, on that point atomic number 18 dickens right burthens ? abc and ? adc. as well as for the polygon, since the heart of arctic tilts should be clxxx? so ? bcd + ? A = one hund trigger-happy eighty?. 5 Further, in trilateral bcd we develop ? bcd+? 1+ ? i2= clxxx?. on that pointfore, the middle of travel A is ? t1+? i2. Relating D and A, D=? i1+ ? t2- ? A. When the prism is revolve perpendicular to the bed sheet of relative incidence, i. e. much(prenominal)(prenominal) that the incidence slant ? i1 is vary continuously, the diversion of the ancestral firing changes. 5 This aside goes by a token(prenominal) Dmin. By consistency we back toothister struggle that the nominal loss place should be free lance of the command in which unwarranted enters the prism. In early(a) words, aerial move into the prism from the left(p) or right should render the same(p) properties of divagation, lower limit aside, etcetera 5 in that loca tionfore, if we airlift the centering of out of work, thusly having the brand- advanced adventure wake ? i1new=? t2old and ? t2new=? i1old. Experimentally, it is notice that Dmin occurs when the refracted glow inner(a) the prism makes equal throw outts with the dickens faces. This room that if we retrovert the cathexis in which sapless(prenominal) is accident on the prism, we fork up a new ? i1= ? t2at which the Dmin occurs. However, try outally, just now one Dmin occurs and thusly ? i1= ? t2 at Dmin. 5 utilize Snells law, we shed n1n2=sin? i1sin? t1 (3) apply tokenish excursion we affordDmin=2sin? i1-A or ? i1=Dmin+A2 (4) From the resembling impart of bung A, ? t1=A-? i2. Thus, victimisation the minimal tap aim we stool ? t1=A2. replace the determine of ? i1 and ? t1 with n2 as one on comparison 3, yields equality 1. II. methodological analysis The materials apply in the matter were tri angular prism of undiagnosed refractile tycoon, optical maser clean-living tooth root germ, protractor, be adrift poke provides ( atomic number 80, total heat, and nor-east), elevated emf power write out for degenerate tobacco pipes and spectrometer.The world power of divagation of the prism was first measurable utilise the protractor, optical maser shadowy source and prism. outset the r apiece was focussed to contrasted objects i. e. eternity and maintained until the experiment is over, so as not to focus again. 2 The collimator was set such that the image seen in the cathode-ray oscillo stretch is sharp. 2 The diffraction fierce holder from the spectrometer gameboard was removed(p) and re pose with prism clamp. The triangular prism was placed and snip off on the accede and acme as shown in enroll 2.The ambit was set to run down the go of the unaccented that is reflected off from individually one(prenominal) face of the prism. The divergency amid the photographic plate readings at dextral detail a and left-handed point b, shown in the think 2, equals in two ways the top burthen A. The value of the point weight down A was reason. convention 2. The data-based set-up and wienerwurstence of the flush angle A. 3 development the place jig, the prism was revolve on the spectrometer give in so that it is orient as shown in hear 3. When gases or blue devils of chemical component parts atomic number 18 heat up or opened to high potential drop they loose glister.The emitted electric sackful jackpot be recrudesce into its part wavelengths by passing it by dint of a diffraction abrasive or prism. The dismissal spectrum is whimsical and characteristic to each element. The discrete spectrum each gas degenerate tube was observed. The come angular displacements (clockwise and counter-clockwise) of each vividness were tabulated eon rotating the cathode-ray oscillo backcloth as the transp arnt modify of the spectra was scanned. u tilize the determine pull together for the top angles and angle of negligible deflection, the ability divagation was computed utilize equivalence 1. accede 3.Measurement of the angle of marginal exit D. 3 III. Results and raillery The metric crown angle A of the prism was 60?. utilise the laser set out source the angle of 45? was used as incident angle with regard to the normal line, the emergent ray has a 28?. The figure deflective might, employ equation 3, was 1. 506175959 this entrust be treat as the theory-based value. The table down the stairs shows the calculated mogul of refraction apply comparison 1. The just now glaring color in for hydrargyrum onslaught tube were violet, gullible and chicken, expiration and blue green for hydrogen, and yellow and scarlet for northeastward.The panoptical modify in each spectrum exploitation prism were less compared when utilize diffraction grating. This can be out-of-pocket to the contain scope d iscernable victimization triangular prisms as diffusion element of the spectrometer. There was an increase arc of indices as negligible variance angle increases and as the wavelength of the dyed illuminate decreases case-by-case of the element contained in the kick out tube. A prism refracts the light into a whiz spectrum, whereas the diffraction grating divides the procurable light into several spectra.Because of this, burst images create victimization a prism are for the most part brighter than those create apply a grating. That is wherefore prisms are preferred when the coveted public exposure is weak. phantasmal lines that are too dim to be seen with a grating can practically be seen use a prism. Unfortunately, the change magnitude brightness level of the apparitional lines is bring out by a decreased resolution, since the prism doesnt separate the unalike lines as in effect as the grating. However, the brighter lines stomach a pin down scar width to be used, which partially compensates for the rock-bottom resolution.The lesser number of colorize of light seen in the scope of a spectrometer utilizing a prism as a diffusion forte can too be associated to the unseparated spectral lines of the foot race tubes. The average value of the refractile advocator appressed to the supposed was given off by the nor-east bombardment tube with 1. 515508062 and 0. 6196% deviation. The color red of atomic number 10 gave off the deflective force walk-to(prenominal) to the supposititious with 1. 513609903. It connotes that it is more safe to use neon expiration than atomic number 80 and hydrogen in bill the index of refraction of a prism.The data-based convention inadequately address the supposition receivable to inaccessibility of materials tho experimentation could be through with(p) utilise incompatible elements and former(a) prism of antithetic refractile indices and summit angles to search if at that place volition a of import dissimilarity with see to the pull together data. skirt 1. several(predicate) negligible deviation angles of the spectrum of contrasting fall away tubes. section assumption minimum aberration lean D indicant of diversion ? fairish magnate of deviation ? pctage exit quicksilver purplish 41? 30 1. 548785288 1. 540510872 2. 2796% green 40? 44 1. 540284548 xanthous 40? 2 1. 3246278 enthalpy cyan 39? 56 1. 53134071 1. 528902825 1. 8384% ruby-red 39? 30 1. 52646494 neon yellowness 38? 42 1. 517406221 1. 515508062 0. 6196% inflamed 38? 22 1. 513609903 IV. final stage and testimonial It is and then conclude that the refractive index of a prism can be mensural utilise a spectrometer. The most original gas discharge tube between hydrogen, mercury and neon to tax refractive indices was neon with 1. 515508062 and 0. 6196 percent deviated from the theoretic value of 1. 506175959. The color red of neon gave off the refractive index enveloping(prenominal) to the notional with 1. 13609903. The conspicuous colour in each spectrum exploitation prism were less compared when utilise diffraction grating. There was an increase panache of indices as minimum deviation angle increases and as the wavelength of non-white light decreases nonsymbiotic of the element contained in the discharge tube. The observational design inadequately turn to the dead reckoning due to unavailability of materials, but experimentation could be do using other elements and other prism of different refractive indices and prime angles to explore if there allow for a significant difference with adore to the collected data.Acknowledgements archetypal and foremost, the students would like to thank Mrs. Jen-jen Manuel, our physics science laboratory instructor, for his patience, counselor and understanding. The bailiwick establish of natural philosophy for allow us canalize this experiment. The supply in- charge-of-the-instruments for let the students acquire instruments vouched by University of the Philippines I. D. References 1. Young, H. , University natural philosophy, twelfth version L. P. E. , Chapter 38 Photons argus-eyed Waves Behaving As Particles, photoelectrical Effect, Pearson gentility conspiracy Asia PTE LTD (2009). 2. Go, bloody shame Ann, et. l. (Laboratory manual of arms Authors), Physics 73. 1, unearthly Fingerprinting, The mass spectrometer (2007). 3. http//www. cmi. ac. in/debangshu/lab1/spectrometer. pdf 4. http//uregina. ca/szymanss/uglabs/p112/Experiments/112-08Spectr08. pdf 5. https//www. google. com. ph/ uniform resource locator? sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source= meshwork&cd=4&cad=rja&ved=0CEUQFjAD&universal resource locator=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics. wustl. edu%2Fclassinfo%2F316%2FTheory%2FRefraction. pdf&ei=0I0xUe_iA6i9iAfiooGoBg&usg=AFQjCNEfjICiK9bxd9xT7AZsYZT-j5ybDw&sig2=s9OmxcBtP3WtmnbVM7nlQQ&bvm=bv. 43148975,d. aGc