Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Effect of selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors)Lynnette ChanDo Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Negatively Affect Memory?Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most common antidepressants prescribed to turn moderate to severe depression. SSRIs increase serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels in the brain by blocking serotonin reuptake. Compared to other antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), SSRIs are to a greater extent selective and have fewer side encumbrances. In supplement to affecting emotional moods, SSRIs can also affect food and trip related behaviors, imparting in side do such as exercising weight gain and reduced sexual drive (Mayo Clinic). However, recent studies indicate that serotonin also plays a significant role in learning and shop (Buhot, Martin, Segu 210). Given serotonins lack of specialized function, can SSRIs interdictly affect holding function as a side offspring? To answer this question, this paper will establish the association between SSRIs and serotonin levels, and then examine the relationship between SSRI use and afflicted or modify stock.Since depression has been linked to a shortage of serotonin neurotransmissions, antidepressants should increase 5-HT levels. But in a comprehensive review on the serotonergic and noradrenergic musical arrangements of the hippocampus, R. Mongeau, P. Blier, and C. de Montigny found that successful SSRI treatments show both an increase and diminish of 5-HT neurotransmissions (178). This finding is unusual because SSRIs inhibit 5-HT reuptake to increase 5-HT levels and should not result in decreased 5-HT neurotransmissions. As decreased 5-HT levels do appear in successful treatments utilizing SSRIs, there must be additional factors involved in mood acme within the serotonergic system. Regardless of the direct mechanism that forfeit SSRIs to treat depressive symptoms, SSRIs do incre ase and decrease 5-HT neurotransmissions in the brain.While the little mechanism of how 5-HT levels affect mood remains unclear, SSRI use and changes in 5-HT levels have been linked to recollection impairment. In a read canvas the role of serotonin in memory impairment, Marie-Christine Buhot, Stephanie Martin, and Louis Segu found that serotonergic activity in the brain affects memory and learning differently depending on the stimulation or inhibition of different 5-HT receptor subtypes. This schooling found that stimulation of the 5-HT2A/2C or 5-HT4 receptor subtypes, or inhibition of the 5-HT1A or 5-HT3 or 5-HT1B receptor subtypes improved memory and learning in high-cognitive activities (210). 5-HT receptor subtypes are differentiated by their relative distributions in the brain and their cellular lieus, differentiations that explain the various pieces of 5-HT receptor subtypes. For example, the 5-HT1A receptor subtype is largely concentrated in the hippocampus and interac ts with the noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic systems (Buhot, Martin, Segu 214). As a result, stimulating 5-HT1A receptors impairs memory. The Buhot study confirms that serotonin affects memory function and is subject on the stimulation or inhibition of different 5-HT receptor types or subtypes.The Buhot study examined the neurotransmitter mechanisms of serotonin and memory, but it did not examine the effect of particular SSRI antidepressants on memory. In a study on the effect of short use of SSRIs on cognitive brain function, Jeroen A. J. Schmitt, Monique J. Kruzinga, and Wim J. Riedel found that the compulsory and negative effects SSRIs have on memory is caused by interactions with international neurotransmitter systems. The study conducted tests with sertraline and paroxetine, the two most potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake available at the time of the study (Schmitt, Kruzinga, Riedel 173). They found that paroxetine contributed to long-term memory impairmen t, an effect attributed to paroxetines additional anticholinergic properties. On the other hand, sertraline only slightly improved verbal fluency, an effect attributed to sertralines additional dopaminergic effects. Although this study agrees with the Buhot study that additional neurotransmitter interactions in serotonergic pathways contribute or prevent memory impairment, the Buhot study attributes memory functions to serotonin while the Schmitt study does not.Both the Buhot and Schmitt studies argue that SSRIs influence memory, but the two studies disagree on the mechanism that causes memory improvement and impairment. In a study examining the short-term use of the SSRI citalopram and the SNRI (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) reboxetine and their effect emotional memory and lore, Catherine J. Harmer, Nicholas C. Shelley, Philip J. Cowen, and Guy M. Goodwin found that both citalopram and reboxetine decreased the memory and perception of negative emotions in comparison to positive emotion. Additionally, citalopram use lowered get going responses to displays of negative emotion. Unlike the Buhot and Schmitt study, this study claims that SSRIs side effect on emotional memory and perception is actually the mechanism that makes SSRIs potent antidepressants. Perhaps SSRIs help strengthen memories of positive emotions with increased 5-HT concentrations and weaken memories of negative emotions with decreased 5-HT concentrations at different 5-HT receptor subtypes to contribute to mood elevation and regulation.SSRIs have a recognized role in memory and learning. The Buhot study argues that memory can be strengthened or weakened depending on the inhibition or stimulation of different 5-HT receptor subtypes, characterized by location and neurotransmitter pathways. On the other hand, the Schmitt study argues that SSRIs effect on memory is not caused by 5-HT levels, but by the additional effects of other neurotransmitter systems. In contrast, the Harmer st udy argues that the strengthening and weakening of emotional memory and perception contributes to the antidepressant properties of SSRIs. In conclusion, SSRIs can both impair and improve memory, depending on the SSRI type and their interactions with 5-HT receptor subtypes and other neurotransmitter pathways.SSRIs have been confirmed to affect memory and cognitive function, but further research is required to determine the exact mechanism of how different SSRIs affect neurotransmitters and mood. Research can explore the stage of memory impairment caused by SSRIs, and examine the neurotransmitter systems that interact most with the serotonergic system to better define neurotransmitter function. Future research can also accent on developing new antidepressants by exploring the neurotransmission systems that interact with SSRIs. Hopefully, a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of memory and the role of neurotransmitters can also result better insight on neurodegenerati ve disorders that affect memory, such as Alzheimers disease. industrial plant CitedBuhot, Marie-Christine, Stphanie Martin, and Louis Segu. Role of Serotonin in Memory Impairment. Annals of Medicine 32.3 (2000) 210-21. Informa Healthcare. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http//informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07853890008998828.Harmer, Catherine J., Nicholas C. Shelley, Philip J. Cowen, and Guy M. Goodwin. 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Non-serotonergic Pharmacological Profiles and Associated Cognitive Effects of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Journal of Psychopharmacology 15.3 (2001) 173-79. Sage Journals. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http//jop.sagepub.com/content/15/3/173.short.